Sieck W R; Yates J F
Cues and processes underlying confidence in choice Miscellaneous
PsyArXiv preprint, 2024.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: confidence, judgment, memory, metacognition, overconfidence, reasoning
@misc{sieck_cues_2024b,
title = {Cues and processes underlying confidence in choice},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and J. Frank Yates},
url = {https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/fmrw5},
doi = {10.31234/osf.io/fmrw5},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-01},
urldate = {2024-09-01},
abstract = {Three experiments that address the following fundamental questions about confidence judgment are presented: (1) What cues form the basis for confidence in choice? And (2) what are the cognitive processes that drive choice and confidence responses in general knowledge tasks? Critical manipulations in the experiments included reasons generation, priming of options, and intensive demands to recall relevant domain knowledge. Behavioral response and process tracing results from the three experiments provided evidence for a two-stage process wherein a preliminary choice stage is driven largely by familiarity, and an ensuing evaluation stage is determined mainly by accessibility and arguments for the preliminary choice.
Sieck, W. R., & Yates, J. F. (2024). Cues and Processes Underlying Confidence in Choice. PsyArXiv preprint. https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/fmrw5},
howpublished = {PsyArXiv preprint},
keywords = {confidence, judgment, memory, metacognition, overconfidence, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Three experiments that address the following fundamental questions about confidence judgment are presented: (1) What cues form the basis for confidence in choice? And (2) what are the cognitive processes that drive choice and confidence responses in general knowledge tasks? Critical manipulations in the experiments included reasons generation, priming of options, and intensive demands to recall relevant domain knowledge. Behavioral response and process tracing results from the three experiments provided evidence for a two-stage process wherein a preliminary choice stage is driven largely by familiarity, and an ensuing evaluation stage is determined mainly by accessibility and arguments for the preliminary choice.
Sieck, W. R., & Yates, J. F. (2024). Cues and Processes Underlying Confidence in Choice. PsyArXiv preprint. https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/fmrw5
Sieck, W. R., & Yates, J. F. (2024). Cues and Processes Underlying Confidence in Choice. PsyArXiv preprint. https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/fmrw5
Sieck W R
Foreign language gains of soldiers in the ARSOF LREC program: Covid-19 time period and training type effects Technical Report
Global Cognition no. GCTR23, 2023.
BibTeX | Tags: learning, modeling
@techreport{sieck_foreign_2023,
title = {Foreign language gains of soldiers in the ARSOF LREC program: Covid-19 time period and training type effects},
author = {Winston R. Sieck},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-07-01},
number = {GCTR23},
institution = {Global Cognition},
keywords = {learning, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Sieck W R; Rasmussen L J
Foreign language gains of soldiers in the ARSOF LREC program: Analysis of 1st SFC(A) Units Technical Report
Global Cognition no. GCTR22-3, 2022.
BibTeX | Tags: learning, modeling
@techreport{sieck_foreign_2022,
title = {Foreign language gains of soldiers in the ARSOF LREC program: Analysis of 1st SFC(A) Units},
author = {W. R. Sieck and L. J. Rasmussen},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-09-01},
number = {GCTR22-3},
institution = {Global Cognition},
keywords = {learning, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Rasmussen L J; Duran J D; Sieck W R
ARC observation guide validation study for 1st SFC(A) Technical Report
Global Cognition no. GCTR22-2, 2022.
BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, measuring
@techreport{rasmussen_arc_2022,
title = {ARC observation guide validation study for 1st SFC(A)},
author = {L. J. Rasmussen and J. D. Duran and W. R. Sieck},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-09-01},
number = {GCTR22-2},
institution = {Global Cognition},
keywords = {cultural competence, measuring},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Sieck W R
Foreign language gains of soldiers in the ARSOF LREC program: Analysis of immersive, online, and classroom training events Technical Report
Global Cognition no. GCTR22, 2022.
BibTeX | Tags: learning, modeling
@techreport{sieck_foreign_2022-1,
title = {Foreign language gains of soldiers in the ARSOF LREC program: Analysis of immersive, online, and classroom training events},
author = {W. R. Sieck},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-03-01},
number = {GCTR22},
institution = {Global Cognition},
keywords = {learning, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Rasmussen L J; Shah C S; Duran J D; Sieck W R
Development of regional expertise and cultural KSAs at 1st SFC (A) Technical Report
Global Cognition no. GCTR21-2, 2021.
BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, learning
@techreport{rasmussen_development_2021,
title = {Development of regional expertise and cultural KSAs at 1st SFC (A)},
author = {L. J. Rasmussen and C. S. Shah and J. D. Duran and W. R. Sieck},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-04-01},
number = {GCTR21-2},
institution = {Global Cognition},
keywords = {cultural competence, learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Sieck W R; Rasmussen L J
Foreign language gains of ARSOF soldiers in the LET / OLE program Technical Report
Global Cognition no. GCTR21, 2021.
@techreport{sieck_foreign_2021,
title = {Foreign language gains of ARSOF soldiers in the LET / OLE program},
author = {W. R. Sieck and L. J. Rasmussen},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-01},
number = {GCTR21},
institution = {Global Cognition},
keywords = {learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Rasmussen L J; Duran J D; Sieck W R
1st Special Forces Command (A) regional expertise assessment methods study Technical Report
Global Cognition no. GCTR20, 2020.
BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, measuring
@techreport{rasmussen_1st_2020,
title = {1st Special Forces Command (A) regional expertise assessment methods study},
author = {L. J. Rasmussen and J. D. Duran and W. R. Sieck},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-01},
number = {GCTR20},
institution = {Global Cognition},
keywords = {cultural competence, measuring},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R
Save Your Ammo: Working Across Cultures for National Security Book
Global Cognition, 2020, ISBN: 978-1-73341-020-5.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence
@book{rasmussen_save_2020,
title = {Save Your Ammo: Working Across Cultures for National Security},
author = {Louise J. Rasmussen and Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://www.amzn.com/1733410201},
isbn = {978-1-73341-020-5},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-04-01},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
publisher = {Global Cognition},
abstract = {The authors of Save Your Ammo interviewed a large number of American military personnel with extensive experience working in different countries. They used the critical incident elicitation methodology and asked their interviewees to provide detailed accounts of their experiences and challenges. They then organized the skills, principles, and strategies that they collected into a model called Adaptive Readiness for Culture (ARC). ARC is a collection of cross-cultural competencies that were deemed critical for success in situations where military service people are living and or interacting with people from other cultures.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2020). Save your ammo: Working across cultures for national security. Global Cognition. https://www.amzn.com/1733410201},
keywords = {cultural competence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The authors of Save Your Ammo interviewed a large number of American military personnel with extensive experience working in different countries. They used the critical incident elicitation methodology and asked their interviewees to provide detailed accounts of their experiences and challenges. They then organized the skills, principles, and strategies that they collected into a model called Adaptive Readiness for Culture (ARC). ARC is a collection of cross-cultural competencies that were deemed critical for success in situations where military service people are living and or interacting with people from other cultures.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2020). Save your ammo: Working across cultures for national security. Global Cognition. https://www.amzn.com/1733410201
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2020). Save your ammo: Working across cultures for national security. Global Cognition. https://www.amzn.com/1733410201
Sieck W R; Rasmussen L J; Duran J L
Mastery levels to support the education and training of general cultural competence Technical Report
Global Cognition no. GCTR19, 2019.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: competencies, cultural competence
@techreport{sieck_mastery_2019,
title = {Mastery levels to support the education and training of general cultural competence},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Louise J. Rasmussen and Jasmine L. Duran},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13863777},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-02-01},
number = {GCTR19},
institution = {Global Cognition},
abstract = {Across their careers, U. S. personnel are assigned to work with people from a wide variety of cultures. The choices they make in these encounters can affect national security outcomes and strategy. They must be able to build, grow, and maintain professional relationships with people who are culturally different from themselves. In sensitive situations, they need some skill in tactfully dealing with diverse people to attain U. S. objectives. The Defense Language and National Security Education Office (DLNSEO) has the task to identify, validate, and prioritize requirements for cultural capabilities that support national security objectives. An ongoing issue is determining how to best prepare people for this cultural aspect of their jobs. A key challenge is that personnel may receive assignments to relocate to possible destinations across the globe. U. S. personnel have to be ready to quickly adapt to new areas of operation. And to interact and work with people who come from a wide variety of cultural backgrounds. Further complicating matters, the amount of cultural content that could be taught is practically limitless. The vast availability of information makes it very easy for cross-cultural instruction to overburden training and education programs. Hence, personnel need a bounded set of cultural skills that apply no matter where they hit the ground. We refer to this core set of skills as general cultural competence. Guidance on the core cultural skills and knowledge that support mission effectiveness is needed to provide a foundation for developing readiness plans. In order to meet these challenges, DLNSEO commissioned the development of a model of general cultural competence for the Total Force. The model is called, Adaptive Readiness for Culture (ARC). It was developed based on studies of the ways personnel with extensive experience in multiple regions cope with cultural challenges in a wide range of assignments. ARC describes knowledge and skills that apply across all regions of interest. DLNSEO has used ARC to inform the guidelines and requirements specified in section 8 of DoDI 5160.70. This policy document provides guidelines for career-long cultural sustainment and enhancement training and education programs across the DoD. Early versions of ARC described knowledge and skills that made up each of the competencies, but not levels of mastery. Mastery levels give a sense of what good (and less skilled) performance looks like. The purpose of the current study was to define levels of mastery for the 12 ARC competencies.},
keywords = {competencies, cultural competence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Across their careers, U. S. personnel are assigned to work with people from a wide variety of cultures. The choices they make in these encounters can affect national security outcomes and strategy. They must be able to build, grow, and maintain professional relationships with people who are culturally different from themselves. In sensitive situations, they need some skill in tactfully dealing with diverse people to attain U. S. objectives. The Defense Language and National Security Education Office (DLNSEO) has the task to identify, validate, and prioritize requirements for cultural capabilities that support national security objectives. An ongoing issue is determining how to best prepare people for this cultural aspect of their jobs. A key challenge is that personnel may receive assignments to relocate to possible destinations across the globe. U. S. personnel have to be ready to quickly adapt to new areas of operation. And to interact and work with people who come from a wide variety of cultural backgrounds. Further complicating matters, the amount of cultural content that could be taught is practically limitless. The vast availability of information makes it very easy for cross-cultural instruction to overburden training and education programs. Hence, personnel need a bounded set of cultural skills that apply no matter where they hit the ground. We refer to this core set of skills as general cultural competence. Guidance on the core cultural skills and knowledge that support mission effectiveness is needed to provide a foundation for developing readiness plans. In order to meet these challenges, DLNSEO commissioned the development of a model of general cultural competence for the Total Force. The model is called, Adaptive Readiness for Culture (ARC). It was developed based on studies of the ways personnel with extensive experience in multiple regions cope with cultural challenges in a wide range of assignments. ARC describes knowledge and skills that apply across all regions of interest. DLNSEO has used ARC to inform the guidelines and requirements specified in section 8 of DoDI 5160.70. This policy document provides guidelines for career-long cultural sustainment and enhancement training and education programs across the DoD. Early versions of ARC described knowledge and skills that made up each of the competencies, but not levels of mastery. Mastery levels give a sense of what good (and less skilled) performance looks like. The purpose of the current study was to define levels of mastery for the 12 ARC competencies.
Duran J D; Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R
Review and analysis of the SWEG (A) LREC program of instruction Technical Report
Global Cognition no. GCTR18, 2018.
BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, learning
@techreport{duran_review_2018,
title = {Review and analysis of the SWEG (A) LREC program of instruction},
author = {J. D. Duran and L. J. Rasmussen and W. R. Sieck},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-04-01},
number = {GCTR18},
institution = {Global Cognition},
keywords = {cultural competence, learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Sieck W R
Metacognition in Intercultural Communication Book Section
In: Kim, Young Yun; McKay-Semmler, K. L. (Ed.): The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication, pp. 1–9, Wiley, 2017, ISBN: 978-1-118-78394-8.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, metacognition
@incollection{sieck_metacognition_2017,
title = {Metacognition in Intercultural Communication},
author = {Winston R. Sieck},
editor = {Young Yun Kim and K. L. McKay-Semmler},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0064
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-IEICC-17-metacognition-intercultural-communication.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0064},
isbn = {978-1-118-78394-8},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-01},
urldate = {2017-12-01},
booktitle = {The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication},
pages = {1–9},
publisher = {Wiley},
abstract = {Metacognition, or “thinking about thinking,” is a set of cognitive processes that regulate the thought involved in communicating with people from different cultures. Metacognition is closely related to the concept of mindfulness, and its function is to enhance the effectiveness of intercultural interactions. Major components in the theory of metacognition include executive control processes, metacognitive knowledge, and metacognitive experiences. The executive processes of planning, monitoring, adjustment, and reflection are supported by specialized metacognitive knowledge related to people, tasks, and strategies. Metacognitive experiences, such as feelings of confidence or confusion, provide feedback signals for quality control. Although metacognition is generally assumed to play a role in cultural intelligence, it is also productively studied independently of that construct. Supporting the development of metacognition in communication with people from different cultures is an important goal for cultural training and education.
Sieck, W. R. (2017). Metacognition in Intercultural Communication. In Y. Y. Kim & K. L. McKay-Semmler (Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication (pp. 1–9). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0064},
keywords = {cultural competence, metacognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Metacognition, or “thinking about thinking,” is a set of cognitive processes that regulate the thought involved in communicating with people from different cultures. Metacognition is closely related to the concept of mindfulness, and its function is to enhance the effectiveness of intercultural interactions. Major components in the theory of metacognition include executive control processes, metacognitive knowledge, and metacognitive experiences. The executive processes of planning, monitoring, adjustment, and reflection are supported by specialized metacognitive knowledge related to people, tasks, and strategies. Metacognitive experiences, such as feelings of confidence or confusion, provide feedback signals for quality control. Although metacognition is generally assumed to play a role in cultural intelligence, it is also productively studied independently of that construct. Supporting the development of metacognition in communication with people from different cultures is an important goal for cultural training and education.
Sieck, W. R. (2017). Metacognition in Intercultural Communication. In Y. Y. Kim & K. L. McKay-Semmler (Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication (pp. 1–9). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0064
Sieck, W. R. (2017). Metacognition in Intercultural Communication. In Y. Y. Kim & K. L. McKay-Semmler (Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication (pp. 1–9). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0064
Sieck W R; Rasmussen L J; Duran J L
Considerations and Best Practices for Developing Cultural Competency Models in Applied Work Domains Book Section
In: Wildman, Jessica L.; Griffith, Richard L.; Armon, Brigitte K. (Ed.): Critical Issues in Cross Cultural Management, pp. 33–52, Springer, 2016, ISBN: 978-3-319-42166-7.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: competencies, cultural competence
@incollection{sieck_considerations_2016,
title = {Considerations and Best Practices for Developing Cultural Competency Models in Applied Work Domains},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Louise J. Rasmussen and Jasmine L. Duran},
editor = {Jessica L. Wildman and Richard L. Griffith and Brigitte K. Armon},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42166-7_3
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-ciccm16-developing-cultural-competency-models.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-42166-7_3},
isbn = {978-3-319-42166-7},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-11-01},
urldate = {2016-11-01},
booktitle = {Critical Issues in Cross Cultural Management},
pages = {33–52},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {In this chapter, we provide recommendations for developing practical models of cultural competence. The aim is to help researchers construct actionable models that are likely to be adopted by their intended audience. We describe principles from the literature on workplace competency model development, with examples drawn from our ongoing efforts to develop the Adaptive Readiness for Culture (ARC) model. The purpose of ARC is to set standards for training culture-general competence for U.S. military personnel. Culture-general competencies support professionals who need to go anywhere in the world at a moment’s notice and work effectively with members of diverse populations. Defining this specific purpose constrains the model to ensure relevance. ARC emphasizes pragmatic, malleable skills and knowledge that are germane to the job context. The model is grounded in critical incident interviews of accomplished military professionals. By eliciting challenging intercultural interactions from the job, we further ensure relevance to the work demands and language of the audience. And by sampling culture-general SMEs as defined by precise criteria, we are able to examine culture-general competence as distinct from region-specific proficiency. The considerations and approach of our studies provide a template for the development of similar models in other professional domains.
Sieck, W. R., Rasmussen, L. J., & Duran, J. L. (2016). Considerations and Best Practices for Developing Cultural Competency Models in Applied Work Domains. In J. L. Wildman, R. L. Griffith, & B. K. Armon (Eds.), Critical Issues in Cross Cultural Management (pp. 33–52). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42166-7_3},
keywords = {competencies, cultural competence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
In this chapter, we provide recommendations for developing practical models of cultural competence. The aim is to help researchers construct actionable models that are likely to be adopted by their intended audience. We describe principles from the literature on workplace competency model development, with examples drawn from our ongoing efforts to develop the Adaptive Readiness for Culture (ARC) model. The purpose of ARC is to set standards for training culture-general competence for U.S. military personnel. Culture-general competencies support professionals who need to go anywhere in the world at a moment’s notice and work effectively with members of diverse populations. Defining this specific purpose constrains the model to ensure relevance. ARC emphasizes pragmatic, malleable skills and knowledge that are germane to the job context. The model is grounded in critical incident interviews of accomplished military professionals. By eliciting challenging intercultural interactions from the job, we further ensure relevance to the work demands and language of the audience. And by sampling culture-general SMEs as defined by precise criteria, we are able to examine culture-general competence as distinct from region-specific proficiency. The considerations and approach of our studies provide a template for the development of similar models in other professional domains.
Sieck, W. R., Rasmussen, L. J., & Duran, J. L. (2016). Considerations and Best Practices for Developing Cultural Competency Models in Applied Work Domains. In J. L. Wildman, R. L. Griffith, & B. K. Armon (Eds.), Critical Issues in Cross Cultural Management (pp. 33–52). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42166-7_3
Sieck, W. R., Rasmussen, L. J., & Duran, J. L. (2016). Considerations and Best Practices for Developing Cultural Competency Models in Applied Work Domains. In J. L. Wildman, R. L. Griffith, & B. K. Armon (Eds.), Critical Issues in Cross Cultural Management (pp. 33–52). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42166-7_3
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R; Duran J D
A model of culture-general competence for education and training: Validation across services and key specialties Technical Report
Global Cognition no. GCTR16, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: competencies, cultural competence
@techreport{rasmussen_model_2016,
title = {A model of culture-general competence for education and training: Validation across services and key specialties},
author = {L. J. Rasmussen and W. R. Sieck and J. D. Duran},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13863815},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-04-01},
number = {GCTR16},
institution = {Global Cognition},
abstract = {The aim of the current study was to further test a model of culture-general competence. We call the model Adaptive Readiness for Culture (ARC). It is general in that it applies across all regions of interest. The skills that comprise ARC were identified in an earlier study of 20 Marine Corps and Army service members who had worked in multiple cultures. This unique aspect of the study was essential to tease out general skills from specific area knowledge. The current study extended the sample to determine how well the model applies across the DoD and Total Force. We conducted a field study of 95 members of the DoD who have successfully engaged across cultures as part of their jobs. They served overseas in high contact roles in at least two different regions. 75% had worked in four or more regions. On average they spent 8.2 years overseas in 6.6 unique countries. The sample included Officers and enlisted members of the four services. Foreign Area Officers, intelligence professionals, Special Operations Forces, and DoD civilians were also included. The sample ensures the relevance of the model to the work demands and language of DoD. The study focused on relevant job experience rather than opinions about culture. We used critical incident interviews to uncover knowledge and skills in the context of lived situations. The SMEs reported 182 incidents from all over the world. We analyzed the set of incidents to elaborate and test ARC. The study provided empirical validation of ARC, as well as insights into the ways culture-general competence is applied by experienced professionals in the DoD. The results yielded evidence that ARC generalizes across the services, ranks and across a broad range of communities.},
keywords = {competencies, cultural competence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The aim of the current study was to further test a model of culture-general competence. We call the model Adaptive Readiness for Culture (ARC). It is general in that it applies across all regions of interest. The skills that comprise ARC were identified in an earlier study of 20 Marine Corps and Army service members who had worked in multiple cultures. This unique aspect of the study was essential to tease out general skills from specific area knowledge. The current study extended the sample to determine how well the model applies across the DoD and Total Force. We conducted a field study of 95 members of the DoD who have successfully engaged across cultures as part of their jobs. They served overseas in high contact roles in at least two different regions. 75% had worked in four or more regions. On average they spent 8.2 years overseas in 6.6 unique countries. The sample included Officers and enlisted members of the four services. Foreign Area Officers, intelligence professionals, Special Operations Forces, and DoD civilians were also included. The sample ensures the relevance of the model to the work demands and language of DoD. The study focused on relevant job experience rather than opinions about culture. We used critical incident interviews to uncover knowledge and skills in the context of lived situations. The SMEs reported 182 incidents from all over the world. We analyzed the set of incidents to elaborate and test ARC. The study provided empirical validation of ARC, as well as insights into the ways culture-general competence is applied by experienced professionals in the DoD. The results yielded evidence that ARC generalizes across the services, ranks and across a broad range of communities.
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R
Culture-general competence: Evidence from a cognitive field study of professionals who work in many cultures Journal Article
In: International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 48, pp. 75–90, 2015, ISSN: 0147-1767.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: competencies, cultural competence
@article{rasmussen_culture-general_2015,
title = {Culture-general competence: Evidence from a cognitive field study of professionals who work in many cultures},
author = {Louise J. Rasmussen and Winston R. Sieck},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.014
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/rasmussen-IJIR15-culture-general-competence.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.014},
issn = {0147-1767},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-09-01},
urldate = {2015-09-01},
journal = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
volume = {48},
pages = {75–90},
series = {Intercultural Competence},
abstract = {We describe a cognitive field research study of professionals with repeated and varied intercultural experiences, and a resulting model of culture-general competence. Twenty professionals with varied sojourns and considerable experience working with members of other cultures participated in 2-h long, semi-structured interviews. We elicited critical intercultural interaction incidents during the interviews, and followed with detailed questions designed to probe existing competencies hypothesized to be important in the literature. Interview transcripts were subjected to a qualitative thematic analysis, as well as coding to support quantitative, frequency analyses. Results confirmed the importance of several hypothesized competencies, and suggested a reconceptualization of specific knowledge and skill elements. Several additional competencies emerged from the qualitative analysis, as well. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2015). Culture-general competence: Evidence from a cognitive field study of professionals who work in many cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.014},
keywords = {competencies, cultural competence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We describe a cognitive field research study of professionals with repeated and varied intercultural experiences, and a resulting model of culture-general competence. Twenty professionals with varied sojourns and considerable experience working with members of other cultures participated in 2-h long, semi-structured interviews. We elicited critical intercultural interaction incidents during the interviews, and followed with detailed questions designed to probe existing competencies hypothesized to be important in the literature. Interview transcripts were subjected to a qualitative thematic analysis, as well as coding to support quantitative, frequency analyses. Results confirmed the importance of several hypothesized competencies, and suggested a reconceptualization of specific knowledge and skill elements. Several additional competencies emerged from the qualitative analysis, as well. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2015). Culture-general competence: Evidence from a cognitive field study of professionals who work in many cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.014
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2015). Culture-general competence: Evidence from a cognitive field study of professionals who work in many cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.014
Sieck W R
Training for sociocultural forecasting Book Section
In: Schmorrow, D.; Klein, G. L.; Egeth, J. D. (Ed.): Sociocultural Behavior Sensemaking, pp. 339–356, MITRE, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, judgment, learning
@incollection{sieck_training_2014,
title = {Training for sociocultural forecasting},
author = {W. R. Sieck},
editor = {D. Schmorrow and G. L. Klein and J. D. Egeth},
url = {https://www.amzn.com/150038464X
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-SBS14-training-sociocultural-forecasting.pdf, Full Text},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-09-01},
urldate = {2014-09-01},
booktitle = {Sociocultural Behavior Sensemaking},
pages = {339–356},
publisher = {MITRE},
abstract = {Scientific disciplines across the board have struggled with the challenge of anticipating the future. From early predictions of the positions of planets to modern meteorological forecasting systems, humans have witnessed ongoing improvements in the ability to foresee events. Forecasting within the sociocultural sphere is no exception. Although many scientists are highly skeptical about the ultimate prospects of forecasting phenomena in the area of human social cultural behavior with any quantification or precision, others continue to plod along, making small gains along the way. Research programs that make any attempt to improve forecasting are highly susceptible to being labeled as failures, at least in part because they are plagued from the outset by unrealistic expectations of what they can accomplish in the short term. There is, however, a large difference between only being able to make a measured amount of real progress in the short term, and being unable to achieve anything at all. This chapter describes the current state of the science and technology related to training in sociocultural forecasting, and identifies gaps that research should address to develop capabilities for application in operational settings.
Sieck, W. R. (2014). Training for sociocultural forecasting. In D. Schmorrow, G. L. Klein, & J. D. Egeth (Eds.), Sociocultural Behavior Sensemaking (pp. 339–356). MITRE. https://www.amzn.com/150038464X},
keywords = {culture & cognition, judgment, learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Scientific disciplines across the board have struggled with the challenge of anticipating the future. From early predictions of the positions of planets to modern meteorological forecasting systems, humans have witnessed ongoing improvements in the ability to foresee events. Forecasting within the sociocultural sphere is no exception. Although many scientists are highly skeptical about the ultimate prospects of forecasting phenomena in the area of human social cultural behavior with any quantification or precision, others continue to plod along, making small gains along the way. Research programs that make any attempt to improve forecasting are highly susceptible to being labeled as failures, at least in part because they are plagued from the outset by unrealistic expectations of what they can accomplish in the short term. There is, however, a large difference between only being able to make a measured amount of real progress in the short term, and being unable to achieve anything at all. This chapter describes the current state of the science and technology related to training in sociocultural forecasting, and identifies gaps that research should address to develop capabilities for application in operational settings.
Sieck, W. R. (2014). Training for sociocultural forecasting. In D. Schmorrow, G. L. Klein, & J. D. Egeth (Eds.), Sociocultural Behavior Sensemaking (pp. 339–356). MITRE. https://www.amzn.com/150038464X
Sieck, W. R. (2014). Training for sociocultural forecasting. In D. Schmorrow, G. L. Klein, & J. D. Egeth (Eds.), Sociocultural Behavior Sensemaking (pp. 339–356). MITRE. https://www.amzn.com/150038464X
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R
Ready, set, go anywhere: A culture-general competence model for the DoD Journal Article
In: Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 47–52, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: competencies, cultural competence
@article{rasmussen_ready_2014,
title = {Ready, set, go anywhere: A culture-general competence model for the DoD},
author = {L. J. Rasmussen and W. R. Sieck},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384402382
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/rasmussen-IJIR15-culture-general-competence.pdf},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-07-01},
urldate = {2014-07-01},
journal = {Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin},
volume = {40},
number = {3},
pages = {47–52},
abstract = {Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2014). Ready, set, go anywhere: A culture-general competence model for the DoD. Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, 40(3), 47–52.},
keywords = {competencies, cultural competence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2014). Ready, set, go anywhere: A culture-general competence model for the DoD. Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, 40(3), 47–52.
Sieck W R; Smith J L; Rasmussen L J
Metacognitive Strategies for Making Sense of Cross-Cultural Encounters Journal Article
In: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1007–1023, 2013, ISSN: 0022-0221.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, metacognition, reasoning
@article{sieck_metacognitive_2013,
title = {Metacognitive Strategies for Making Sense of Cross-Cultural Encounters},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Jennifer L. Smith and Louise J. Rasmussen},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113492890
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-jccp-2013-metacognitive-strategies-culture.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1177/0022022113492890},
issn = {0022-0221},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-08-01},
urldate = {2013-08-01},
journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
volume = {44},
number = {6},
pages = {1007–1023},
abstract = {As cross-cultural interactions become more commonplace and of shorter durations, understanding the abilities that enable some sojourners to function competently in unfamiliar cultural contexts is increasingly important. The present investigation took a cognitive science approach to the problem of cross-cultural competence, examining metacognitive strategies for dealing with puzzling interactions. A think-aloud study of cross-cultural expertise was conducted using two scenarios based on real incidents set in two different cultures. Each scenario contained surprising cultural behaviors. Three groups of participants (n = 60) with varying levels of expertise were compared. The results indicated several differences in the metacognitive strategies used to make sense of cultural anomalies. Overall, the types of reasoning cross-cultural experts engage in to make sense of cultural surprises were found to share characteristics with the reasoning processes exhibited by expert scientists. The findings of the current study have several implications for training specific aspects of cross-cultural competence.
Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L., & Rasmussen, L. J. (2013). Metacognitive Strategies for Making Sense of Cross-Cultural Encounters. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(6), 1007–1023. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113492890},
keywords = {cultural competence, metacognition, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
As cross-cultural interactions become more commonplace and of shorter durations, understanding the abilities that enable some sojourners to function competently in unfamiliar cultural contexts is increasingly important. The present investigation took a cognitive science approach to the problem of cross-cultural competence, examining metacognitive strategies for dealing with puzzling interactions. A think-aloud study of cross-cultural expertise was conducted using two scenarios based on real incidents set in two different cultures. Each scenario contained surprising cultural behaviors. Three groups of participants (n = 60) with varying levels of expertise were compared. The results indicated several differences in the metacognitive strategies used to make sense of cultural anomalies. Overall, the types of reasoning cross-cultural experts engage in to make sense of cultural surprises were found to share characteristics with the reasoning processes exhibited by expert scientists. The findings of the current study have several implications for training specific aspects of cross-cultural competence.
Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L., & Rasmussen, L. J. (2013). Metacognitive Strategies for Making Sense of Cross-Cultural Encounters. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(6), 1007–1023. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113492890
Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L., & Rasmussen, L. J. (2013). Metacognitive Strategies for Making Sense of Cross-Cultural Encounters. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(6), 1007–1023. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113492890
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R; Hoffman R
Cultural knowledge for intelligence analysts: Expertise in cultural sensemaking Journal Article
In: American Intelligence Journal, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 28–37, 2013.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, reasoning
@article{rasmussen_cultural_2013,
title = {Cultural knowledge for intelligence analysts: Expertise in cultural sensemaking},
author = {L. J. Rasmussen and W. R. Sieck and R. Hoffman},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26202068
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-jccp-2013-metacognitive-strategies-culture.pdf, Full Text},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-04-01},
urldate = {2013-04-01},
journal = {American Intelligence Journal},
volume = {31},
number = {2},
pages = {28–37},
abstract = {To be in a position to understand and anticipate the beliefs and actions of individuals from other cultures, analysts need insight into “what it is like to be them.” There is a tremendous amount of cultural information that analysts might use to interpret the activities of members of foreign populations, and the specific information they need depends on the problem they are given. In this article the authors argue that strategies for engaging in cultural sensemaking allow analysts to discover what cultural information they need to understand particular problems and to acquire this knowledge on an ongoing basis. As such, cultural sensemaking strategies offer an alternative to the notion of providing analysts with an initial framework or pre-specified items of knowledge that theoretically would allow them to parse and understand a culture. Instead, cultural sensemaking provides a foundation for analysts to build their own culturally-relevant mental models of another culture, and refine them over time. The authors outline a number of specific strategies for cultural sensemaking that they have uncovered in their studies of cross-cultural expertise and describe their application to intelligence analysis.
Rasmussen, L. J., Sieck, W. R., & Hoffman, R. (2013). Cultural knowledge for intelligence analysts: Expertise in cultural sensemaking. American Intelligence Journal, 31(2), 28–37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26202068},
keywords = {cultural competence, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
To be in a position to understand and anticipate the beliefs and actions of individuals from other cultures, analysts need insight into “what it is like to be them.” There is a tremendous amount of cultural information that analysts might use to interpret the activities of members of foreign populations, and the specific information they need depends on the problem they are given. In this article the authors argue that strategies for engaging in cultural sensemaking allow analysts to discover what cultural information they need to understand particular problems and to acquire this knowledge on an ongoing basis. As such, cultural sensemaking strategies offer an alternative to the notion of providing analysts with an initial framework or pre-specified items of knowledge that theoretically would allow them to parse and understand a culture. Instead, cultural sensemaking provides a foundation for analysts to build their own culturally-relevant mental models of another culture, and refine them over time. The authors outline a number of specific strategies for cultural sensemaking that they have uncovered in their studies of cross-cultural expertise and describe their application to intelligence analysis.
Rasmussen, L. J., Sieck, W. R., & Hoffman, R. (2013). Cultural knowledge for intelligence analysts: Expertise in cultural sensemaking. American Intelligence Journal, 31(2), 28–37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26202068
Rasmussen, L. J., Sieck, W. R., & Hoffman, R. (2013). Cultural knowledge for intelligence analysts: Expertise in cultural sensemaking. American Intelligence Journal, 31(2), 28–37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26202068
Sieck W R; Smith J L; Grome A P; Veinott E; Mueller S T
Violent and peaceful crowd reactions in the Middle East: cultural experiences and expectations Journal Article
In: Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 20–44, 2013, ISSN: 1943-4472.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition
@article{sieck_violent_2013,
title = {Violent and peaceful crowd reactions in the Middle East: cultural experiences and expectations},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Jennifer L. Smith and Anna P. Grome and Elizabeth Veinott and Shane T. Mueller},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2011.616668
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-bstpa11-arab-crowds-preprint.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1080/19434472.2011.616668},
issn = {1943-4472},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
urldate = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {20–44},
abstract = {Collective honor in Middle Eastern crowds may serve as an important basis for both conflict and conflict resolution between security forces and crowd members. To investigate this issue, we extended a social–cognitive model of crowd behavior to account for the role of honor in social identities and relations, and tested the model in two studies. In Study 1, we collected critical incidents representing crowd experiences in the Middle East. The interview data were coded to include security actions that escalate force and those that generate understanding or exhibit restraint. Study 2 used a scenario-based interview procedure to test the hypothesis that Middle Eastern civilians and Americans with no Middle Eastern cultural experience hold differing beliefs and expectations about crowd reactions to security force actions. The results showed that escalation of force against the crowd led to an increase in the level of conflict more often than not, whereas attempting to understand the crowd or exhibiting restraint tended to decrease conflict. Middle Eastern expectations were largely congruent with these findings, whereas American beliefs diverged. The results have implications regarding the cultural and cognitive determinants of crowd behavior, and for the management of crowds by regional governments and in international peacekeeping situations.
Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L., Grome, A. P., Veinott, E., & Mueller, S. T. (2013). Violent and peaceful crowd reactions in the Middle East: Cultural experiences and expectations. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 5(1), 20–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2011.616668},
keywords = {culture & cognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Collective honor in Middle Eastern crowds may serve as an important basis for both conflict and conflict resolution between security forces and crowd members. To investigate this issue, we extended a social–cognitive model of crowd behavior to account for the role of honor in social identities and relations, and tested the model in two studies. In Study 1, we collected critical incidents representing crowd experiences in the Middle East. The interview data were coded to include security actions that escalate force and those that generate understanding or exhibit restraint. Study 2 used a scenario-based interview procedure to test the hypothesis that Middle Eastern civilians and Americans with no Middle Eastern cultural experience hold differing beliefs and expectations about crowd reactions to security force actions. The results showed that escalation of force against the crowd led to an increase in the level of conflict more often than not, whereas attempting to understand the crowd or exhibiting restraint tended to decrease conflict. Middle Eastern expectations were largely congruent with these findings, whereas American beliefs diverged. The results have implications regarding the cultural and cognitive determinants of crowd behavior, and for the management of crowds by regional governments and in international peacekeeping situations.
Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L., Grome, A. P., Veinott, E., & Mueller, S. T. (2013). Violent and peaceful crowd reactions in the Middle East: Cultural experiences and expectations. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 5(1), 20–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2011.616668
Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L., Grome, A. P., Veinott, E., & Mueller, S. T. (2013). Violent and peaceful crowd reactions in the Middle East: Cultural experiences and expectations. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 5(1), 20–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2011.616668
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R; Crandall B W; Simpkins B G; Smith J L
Data Collection and Analysis for a Cross-Cultural Competence Model Technical Report
Cognitive Solutions Division of ARA no. ADA588188, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: competencies, cta, cultural competence
@techreport{rasmussen_data_2012,
title = {Data Collection and Analysis for a Cross-Cultural Competence Model},
author = {Louise J. Rasmussen and Winston R. Sieck and Beth W. Crandall and Benjamin G. Simpkins and Jennifer L. Smith},
url = {https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA588188},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-12-01},
number = {ADA588188},
institution = {Cognitive Solutions Division of ARA},
abstract = {The objective of the current project was to develop a 3C model for the General Purpose Force population in the U.S. military, based on data from expert operators. The study used the complete set of cross-cultural competencies identified in the 2008 DLO RACCA workshop to define a set of hypotheses about the competencies that are critical for effective mission performance across cultural contexts. The study employed an open-ended, incident-based interview methodology, grounding the model in data reflecting the real, lived experiences and performance of expert operators as opposed to their personal theories and reflections about culture. All personnel in the sample had been deployed at least twice and 75% had been deployed three or more times to at least two different regions in the world. The empirical data and associated analyses provided evidence to suggest 12 critical cross-cultural competencies.},
keywords = {competencies, cta, cultural competence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The objective of the current project was to develop a 3C model for the General Purpose Force population in the U.S. military, based on data from expert operators. The study used the complete set of cross-cultural competencies identified in the 2008 DLO RACCA workshop to define a set of hypotheses about the competencies that are critical for effective mission performance across cultural contexts. The study employed an open-ended, incident-based interview methodology, grounding the model in data reflecting the real, lived experiences and performance of expert operators as opposed to their personal theories and reflections about culture. All personnel in the sample had been deployed at least twice and 75% had been deployed three or more times to at least two different regions in the world. The empirical data and associated analyses provided evidence to suggest 12 critical cross-cultural competencies.
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R
Metacognitive underpinnings of 3C development Book Section
In: Schmorrow, D.; Nicholson, D. (Ed.): Advances in Design for Cross-Cultural Activities 1, pp. 332–341, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2012, ISBN: 978-0-429-10871-6.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, learning, metacognition
@incollection{rasmussen_metacognitive_2012,
title = {Metacognitive underpinnings of 3C development},
author = {L. J. Rasmussen and W. R. Sieck},
editor = {D. Schmorrow and D. Nicholson},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1201/b12316-40
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/rasmussen-DCCA12-metacognition-cross-cultural-competence.pdf, Full Text},
isbn = {978-0-429-10871-6},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-07-01},
urldate = {2012-07-01},
booktitle = {Advances in Design for Cross-Cultural Activities 1},
pages = {332–341},
publisher = {CRC Press/Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {This chapter discusses a perspective on the development of Cross-Cultural Competence (3C) that regards it as an activity that students do for themselves in a proactive way rather than as an event that happens in reaction to teaching. It argues that metacognitive, self-regulatory learning strategies provide the basis for the efficient and effective development of 3C over time. In the chapter, the authors define the essential qualities of self-regulation, describe the structure and function of self-regulatory processes in the context of cultural learning, and, finally, give an overview of approaches for guiding students to learn on their own.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2012). Metacognitive underpinnings of 3C development. In D. Schmorrow & D. Nicholson (Eds.), Advances in Design for Cross-Cultural Activities 1 (pp. 332–341). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12316-40},
keywords = {cultural competence, learning, metacognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
This chapter discusses a perspective on the development of Cross-Cultural Competence (3C) that regards it as an activity that students do for themselves in a proactive way rather than as an event that happens in reaction to teaching. It argues that metacognitive, self-regulatory learning strategies provide the basis for the efficient and effective development of 3C over time. In the chapter, the authors define the essential qualities of self-regulation, describe the structure and function of self-regulatory processes in the context of cultural learning, and, finally, give an overview of approaches for guiding students to learn on their own.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2012). Metacognitive underpinnings of 3C development. In D. Schmorrow & D. Nicholson (Eds.), Advances in Design for Cross-Cultural Activities 1 (pp. 332–341). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12316-40
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2012). Metacognitive underpinnings of 3C development. In D. Schmorrow & D. Nicholson (Eds.), Advances in Design for Cross-Cultural Activities 1 (pp. 332–341). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12316-40
Warnaar D B; Merkle E C; Steyvers M; Wallsten T S; Stone E R; Budescu D V; Sieck W R; Arkes H R; Davis-Stober C; Argenta C F; Shin Y; Carter J N
The Aggregative Contingent Estimation System Technical Report
Applied Research Associates no. IARPA-D11-PC20059, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: judgment, technology
@techreport{warnaar_aggregative_2012,
title = {The Aggregative Contingent Estimation System},
author = {D. B. Warnaar and Edgar C. Merkle and M. Steyvers and T. S. Wallsten and E. R. Stone and D. V. Budescu and W. R. Sieck and Hal R. Arkes and C. Davis-Stober and C. F. Argenta and Y. Shin and J. N. Carter},
url = {https://cdn.aaai.org/ocs/4290/4290-19551-1-PB.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-05-01},
number = {IARPA-D11-PC20059},
pages = {75–76},
institution = {Applied Research Associates},
abstract = {Our overarching research goal for this project was to explore, develop and test new methods for collecting, characterizing and prioritizing the opinions of many widely-dispersed individuals and aggregating those opinions into superior probabilistic forecasts. These methods move beyond the state-of-the-art in crowd sourcing and prediction markets by applying statistical and behavioral models that produce optimal forecasts given the individual forecasts that comprise them, as opposed to a simple average of those opinions. More specifically, our research goals were to develop, implement, and test methods for: 1) effectively identifying, training, consulting and querying the best forecasters, 2) aggregating the forecasters’ best judgments so that the aggregate is superior to the ULinOP forecast, 3) presenting the forecast information to best inform the decision maker. To achieve our research goals, we developed the Aggregative Contingent Estimation System (ACES), a platform for our team to explore, develop, and test new methods. Our most successful model achieved a 22.4% forecast accuracy improvement over MITRE’s ULinOP, exceeding the 20% goal set by IARPA for the first year of this project. Link to conference paper is provided.},
keywords = {judgment, technology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Our overarching research goal for this project was to explore, develop and test new methods for collecting, characterizing and prioritizing the opinions of many widely-dispersed individuals and aggregating those opinions into superior probabilistic forecasts. These methods move beyond the state-of-the-art in crowd sourcing and prediction markets by applying statistical and behavioral models that produce optimal forecasts given the individual forecasts that comprise them, as opposed to a simple average of those opinions. More specifically, our research goals were to develop, implement, and test methods for: 1) effectively identifying, training, consulting and querying the best forecasters, 2) aggregating the forecasters’ best judgments so that the aggregate is superior to the ULinOP forecast, 3) presenting the forecast information to best inform the decision maker. To achieve our research goals, we developed the Aggregative Contingent Estimation System (ACES), a platform for our team to explore, develop, and test new methods. Our most successful model achieved a 22.4% forecast accuracy improvement over MITRE’s ULinOP, exceeding the 20% goal set by IARPA for the first year of this project. Link to conference paper is provided.
Sieck W R; Penta A; Smart P R; Rababy D A; Smith J L; Marcon J L
Extremist ideological influences on terrorist decision frameworks Technical Report
Cognitive Solutions Division of ARA no. N00014-10-C-0078-A005, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: confidence, metacognition, nlp
@techreport{sieck_extremist_2012,
title = {Extremist ideological influences on terrorist decision frameworks},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Antonio Penta and Paul R. Smart and David A. Rababy and Jennifer L. Smith and Jessica L. Marcon},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277744917},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-05-01},
number = {N00014-10-C-0078-A005},
institution = {Cognitive Solutions Division of ARA},
abstract = {Two studies were conducted to clarify the ideological characteristics that serve as enablers for extreme action in cultural groups. The approach for both studies was to collect and analyze knowledge source materials from the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web is a rich source of cultural information that provides important clues as to the beliefs, attitudes and values of group members. Documents and postings from extremist and moderate sources were collected and translated. Relevant passages were then extracted and analyzed in order to elucidate the ideological characteristics within them. Human cultural researchers conducted the analysis in Study 1 and a new model of core extremist beliefs-values was constructed. In Study 2, the model was further tested by using computational text analysis methods to aid in analyzing sentiment from the web-based sources. Such methods remain at a early research phase of development, so new approaches and techniques were developed. Study 2 served both to corroborate the model of extremist beliefs-values devised in Study 1, as well as to advance the state of the art in automated sentiment analysis. The computational method for measuring cultural values in web-based resources adds another significant component to the cultural analysts’ toolkit.},
keywords = {confidence, metacognition, nlp},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Two studies were conducted to clarify the ideological characteristics that serve as enablers for extreme action in cultural groups. The approach for both studies was to collect and analyze knowledge source materials from the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web is a rich source of cultural information that provides important clues as to the beliefs, attitudes and values of group members. Documents and postings from extremist and moderate sources were collected and translated. Relevant passages were then extracted and analyzed in order to elucidate the ideological characteristics within them. Human cultural researchers conducted the analysis in Study 1 and a new model of core extremist beliefs-values was constructed. In Study 2, the model was further tested by using computational text analysis methods to aid in analyzing sentiment from the web-based sources. Such methods remain at a early research phase of development, so new approaches and techniques were developed. Study 2 served both to corroborate the model of extremist beliefs-values devised in Study 1, as well as to advance the state of the art in automated sentiment analysis. The computational method for measuring cultural values in web-based resources adds another significant component to the cultural analysts’ toolkit.
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R
Strategies for developing and practicing cross-cultural expertise in the military Journal Article
In: Military Review, vol. Mar-Apr, pp. 71–80, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, learning
@article{rasmussen_strategies_2012,
title = {Strategies for developing and practicing cross-cultural expertise in the military},
author = {L. J. Rasmussen and W. R. Sieck},
url = {https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20120430_art012.pdf, Full Text},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-03-01},
urldate = {2012-03-01},
journal = {Military Review},
volume = {Mar-Apr},
pages = {71–80},
abstract = {In the last few years, we have undertaken a number of research projects aimed at understanding 3C in the military. We have had the privilege of interviewing many warfighters from the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, warrior-diplomats who spent years interacting and building relationships with their foreign counterparts in different parts of the world as a part of their assignments. (Henceforth, we refer to them as “cross-cultural experts”.) Reflecting on our research, we noticed that cross-cultural experts develop certain mental strategies or habits that help them learn about new cultures quickly. Such mental habits can be adopted and practiced by anyone, at any level of military command. In the spirit of Stephen R. Covey’s The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, the primary intent of this article is to provide practical descriptions of these mental strategies, illustrated by operational examples and supported by the research literature.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2012). Strategies for developing and practicing cross-cultural expertise in the military. Military Review, Mar-Apr, 71–80.},
keywords = {cultural competence, learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the last few years, we have undertaken a number of research projects aimed at understanding 3C in the military. We have had the privilege of interviewing many warfighters from the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, warrior-diplomats who spent years interacting and building relationships with their foreign counterparts in different parts of the world as a part of their assignments. (Henceforth, we refer to them as “cross-cultural experts”.) Reflecting on our research, we noticed that cross-cultural experts develop certain mental strategies or habits that help them learn about new cultures quickly. Such mental habits can be adopted and practiced by anyone, at any level of military command. In the spirit of Stephen R. Covey’s The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, the primary intent of this article is to provide practical descriptions of these mental strategies, illustrated by operational examples and supported by the research literature.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2012). Strategies for developing and practicing cross-cultural expertise in the military. Military Review, Mar-Apr, 71–80.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2012). Strategies for developing and practicing cross-cultural expertise in the military. Military Review, Mar-Apr, 71–80.
Penta A; Shadbolt N; Smart P; Sieck W R
Detection of cognitive features from web resources in support of cultural modeling and analysis Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems, pp. 53–60, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2011, ISBN: 978-1-4503-1047-5.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, nlp
@inproceedings{penta_detection_2011,
title = {Detection of cognitive features from web resources in support of cultural modeling and analysis},
author = {Antonio Penta and Nigel Shadbolt and Paul Smart and Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2077489.2077499
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/penta-MEDES11-cognitive-culture-web.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1145/2077489.2077499},
isbn = {978-1-4503-1047-5},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-11-01},
urldate = {2011-11-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems},
pages = {53–60},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {MEDES '11},
abstract = {The World Wide Web serves as a valuable source of culture-relevant information, which can be used to support cultural modeling and analysis activities. Part of the challenge in exploiting the Web as a source of culture-relevant information relates to the need to detect and extract information about beliefs, attitudes, and values from a variety of different resources. The Web, thus, features a rich variety of information resources, and these are seldom categorized with respect to the dimensions in which cultural analysts are interested. Exploiting the Web as a source of culture-relevant information therefore requires techniques and approaches that enable cultural analysts to extract relevant information and organize extracted content in various ways. In this paper, we outline an approach to assist cultural analysts in the extraction and organization of relevant information. We show techniques that can be used to extract information of the attitudes, beliefs, and values of individuals, and how this data can, in turn, be used to support cultural modeling and analysis.},
keywords = {culture & cognition, nlp},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The World Wide Web serves as a valuable source of culture-relevant information, which can be used to support cultural modeling and analysis activities. Part of the challenge in exploiting the Web as a source of culture-relevant information relates to the need to detect and extract information about beliefs, attitudes, and values from a variety of different resources. The Web, thus, features a rich variety of information resources, and these are seldom categorized with respect to the dimensions in which cultural analysts are interested. Exploiting the Web as a source of culture-relevant information therefore requires techniques and approaches that enable cultural analysts to extract relevant information and organize extracted content in various ways. In this paper, we outline an approach to assist cultural analysts in the extraction and organization of relevant information. We show techniques that can be used to extract information of the attitudes, beliefs, and values of individuals, and how this data can, in turn, be used to support cultural modeling and analysis.
Smart P R; Sieck W R; Shadbolt N R
Using Web-Based Knowledge Extraction Techniques to Support Cultural Modeling Book Section
In: Salerno, John; Yang, Shanchieh Jay; Nau, Dana; Chai, Sun-Ki (Ed.): Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction, pp. 113–120, Springer, 2011, ISBN: 978-3-642-19656-0.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, modeling, nlp
@incollection{smart_using_2011,
title = {Using Web-Based Knowledge Extraction Techniques to Support Cultural Modeling},
author = {Paul R. Smart and Winston R. Sieck and Nigel R. Shadbolt},
editor = {John Salerno and Shanchieh Jay Yang and Dana Nau and Sun-Ki Chai},
url = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19656-0_18
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313363820, Full Text},
isbn = {978-3-642-19656-0},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-03-01},
urldate = {2011-03-01},
booktitle = {Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction},
pages = {113–120},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {The World Wide Web is a potentially valuable source of information about the cognitive characteristics of cultural groups. However, attempts to use the Web in the context of cultural modeling activities are hampered by the large-scale nature of the Web and the current dominance of natural language formats. In this paper, we outline an approach to support the exploitation of the Web for cultural modeling activities. The approach begins with the development of qualitative cultural models (which describe the beliefs, concepts and values of cultural groups), and these models are subsequently used to develop an ontology-based information extraction capability. Our approach represents an attempt to combine conventional approaches to information extraction with epidemiological perspectives of culture and network-based approaches to cultural analysis. The approach can be used, we suggest, to support the development of models providing a better understanding of the cognitive characteristics of particular cultural groups.
Smart, P. R., Sieck, W. R., & Shadbolt, N. R. (2011). Using Web-Based Knowledge Extraction Techniques to Support Cultural Modeling. In J. Salerno, S. J. Yang, D. Nau, & S.-K. Chai (Eds.), Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction (pp. 113–120). Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19656-0_18},
keywords = {culture & cognition, modeling, nlp},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
The World Wide Web is a potentially valuable source of information about the cognitive characteristics of cultural groups. However, attempts to use the Web in the context of cultural modeling activities are hampered by the large-scale nature of the Web and the current dominance of natural language formats. In this paper, we outline an approach to support the exploitation of the Web for cultural modeling activities. The approach begins with the development of qualitative cultural models (which describe the beliefs, concepts and values of cultural groups), and these models are subsequently used to develop an ontology-based information extraction capability. Our approach represents an attempt to combine conventional approaches to information extraction with epidemiological perspectives of culture and network-based approaches to cultural analysis. The approach can be used, we suggest, to support the development of models providing a better understanding of the cognitive characteristics of particular cultural groups.
Smart, P. R., Sieck, W. R., & Shadbolt, N. R. (2011). Using Web-Based Knowledge Extraction Techniques to Support Cultural Modeling. In J. Salerno, S. J. Yang, D. Nau, & S.-K. Chai (Eds.), Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction (pp. 113–120). Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19656-0_18
Smart, P. R., Sieck, W. R., & Shadbolt, N. R. (2011). Using Web-Based Knowledge Extraction Techniques to Support Cultural Modeling. In J. Salerno, S. J. Yang, D. Nau, & S.-K. Chai (Eds.), Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction (pp. 113–120). Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19656-0_18
Sieck W R
A cultural models approach for investigating the cognitive basis of terrorism Journal Article
In: Journal of Terrorism Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3–15, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition
@article{sieck_cultural_2011,
title = {A cultural models approach for investigating the cognitive basis of terrorism},
author = {Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265405593
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-JTR2011-cultural-models-terrorism-cognition.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.15664/jtr.171},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-02-01},
urldate = {2011-02-01},
booktitle = {Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction},
journal = {Journal of Terrorism Research},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
pages = {3–15},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {Terrorists attempt to communicate specific aspects of their ideological frameworks to shape the common perspective of their intended audiences. For the approach to be successful, the ideas they are promoting must fit within the cultural meaning systems shared across the population they are addressing. Knowing what messages will effectively persuade their constituents is likely intuitive for terrorists operating within their own cultural environment, but not necessarily for researchers who come from distinct cultural backgrounds. A method is thus described for studying in detail the common perspective that members of a culture bring to a situation. The method results in models of the culture that provide a basis for outsiders to begin to frame events from the cultural-insider point of view. The cultural models can then be used as an aid to anticipate how messages will be interpreted and evaluated by terrorists and their audiences.
Sieck, W. R. (2011). A cultural models approach for investigating the cognitive basis of terrorism. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), 3–15.},
keywords = {culture & cognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Terrorists attempt to communicate specific aspects of their ideological frameworks to shape the common perspective of their intended audiences. For the approach to be successful, the ideas they are promoting must fit within the cultural meaning systems shared across the population they are addressing. Knowing what messages will effectively persuade their constituents is likely intuitive for terrorists operating within their own cultural environment, but not necessarily for researchers who come from distinct cultural backgrounds. A method is thus described for studying in detail the common perspective that members of a culture bring to a situation. The method results in models of the culture that provide a basis for outsiders to begin to frame events from the cultural-insider point of view. The cultural models can then be used as an aid to anticipate how messages will be interpreted and evaluated by terrorists and their audiences.
Sieck, W. R. (2011). A cultural models approach for investigating the cognitive basis of terrorism. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), 3–15.
Sieck, W. R. (2011). A cultural models approach for investigating the cognitive basis of terrorism. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), 3–15.
Sieck W R; Smith J L; Simpkins B G; Rababy D A; Medawar F; Bennett K; Shiflet C
Extremist ideological influences on metacognition: Beliefs that discriminate between moderate and terrorist decision frameworks Technical Report
Cognitive Solutions Division of ARA no. N00014-10-C-0078-A001, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: confidence, culture & cognition, measuring, metacognition
@techreport{sieck_extremist_2011,
title = {Extremist ideological influences on metacognition: Beliefs that discriminate between moderate and terrorist decision frameworks},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Jennifer L. Smith and Benjamin G. Simpkins and David A. Rababy and F. Medawar and K. Bennett and C. Shiflet},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384561375},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-02-01},
urldate = {2011-02-01},
number = {N00014-10-C-0078-A001},
institution = {Cognitive Solutions Division of ARA},
abstract = {The successful exploitation of religious texts is often a key component of developing certainty among supporters of terrorist agendas. Yet, the specific kinds of religious ideas that promote such certitude have not been systematically examined. That is, how do specific religious ideas eliminate doubt in the minds of religious extremists and their supporters? Our primary hypothesis is that extremist interpretations of religious doctrine include specific "metacognitive" beliefs that serve to erase doubt in the group's cause and provide psychological defenses against contrary views. Metacognitive beliefs are specific kinds of beliefs that affect the cognitive processes that govern feelings of confidence in worldviews. The excessive levels of confidence that ultimately result from certain types of metacognitive beliefs serve to promote decisive action. We expect that these kinds of beliefs are manifested in one form or another in the ideologies of any religious extremist organization, and possibly secular ones as well. In the current study, we have been examining Islam as a test case. Specifically, we have been comparing various Muslim beliefs and doctrine as expressed on extremist and mainstream Islamic web sites. Initial findings provide encouraging support for the metacognitive approach.},
keywords = {confidence, culture & cognition, measuring, metacognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The successful exploitation of religious texts is often a key component of developing certainty among supporters of terrorist agendas. Yet, the specific kinds of religious ideas that promote such certitude have not been systematically examined. That is, how do specific religious ideas eliminate doubt in the minds of religious extremists and their supporters? Our primary hypothesis is that extremist interpretations of religious doctrine include specific "metacognitive" beliefs that serve to erase doubt in the group's cause and provide psychological defenses against contrary views. Metacognitive beliefs are specific kinds of beliefs that affect the cognitive processes that govern feelings of confidence in worldviews. The excessive levels of confidence that ultimately result from certain types of metacognitive beliefs serve to promote decisive action. We expect that these kinds of beliefs are manifested in one form or another in the ideologies of any religious extremist organization, and possibly secular ones as well. In the current study, we have been examining Islam as a test case. Specifically, we have been comparing various Muslim beliefs and doctrine as expressed on extremist and mainstream Islamic web sites. Initial findings provide encouraging support for the metacognitive approach.
Smart P; Sieck W; Sycara K; Shadbolt N
Semantic Networks and Shared Understanding: A Network-Based Approach to Representing and Visualizing Shared Understanding Proceedings Article
In: London, UK, 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration
@inproceedings{smart_semantic_2010,
title = {Semantic Networks and Shared Understanding: A Network-Based Approach to Representing and Visualizing Shared Understanding},
author = {Paul Smart and Winston Sieck and Katia Sycara and Nigel Shadbolt},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45386820},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-09-01},
urldate = {2010-09-01},
address = {London, UK},
abstract = {Semantic networks were developed in the organizational communication literature to provide a means of representing the shared interpretations that people have of organizational message content. Semantic networks can also be used, we suggest, to support the representation and visualization of shared understanding in military coalition contexts. The basic approach is to create a network representing the degree of similarity between individuals with respect to their understanding of some item of interest. In principle, the data for such networks could be obtained in a variety of ways, although, in the current paper, we focus on the use of ‘cultural models’ (developed at either the individual or group level) to provide a measure of shared understanding. The use of a semantic network based approach to representing and visualizing shared understanding has a number of advantages, each of which are discussed at length in the current paper. These include the use of network techniques to analyse changes in shared understanding across time (particularly in response to organizational and technological changes) and the easy identification of individuals that may play special roles in supporting cross-community understanding. Furthermore, by combining semantic networks with techniques such as cultural network analysis (which can be used to develop individual- or group-level mental models) we can create semantic network models of shared understanding at either the individual or collective level. In the latter case, the technique affords a means of representing and visualizing the degree of shared understanding between specific cultural groups, and it is therefore ideally suited to military coalition environments, which feature the requisite inter-operation of culturally- and linguistically-disparate communities.},
keywords = {collaboration},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Semantic networks were developed in the organizational communication literature to provide a means of representing the shared interpretations that people have of organizational message content. Semantic networks can also be used, we suggest, to support the representation and visualization of shared understanding in military coalition contexts. The basic approach is to create a network representing the degree of similarity between individuals with respect to their understanding of some item of interest. In principle, the data for such networks could be obtained in a variety of ways, although, in the current paper, we focus on the use of ‘cultural models’ (developed at either the individual or group level) to provide a measure of shared understanding. The use of a semantic network based approach to representing and visualizing shared understanding has a number of advantages, each of which are discussed at length in the current paper. These include the use of network techniques to analyse changes in shared understanding across time (particularly in response to organizational and technological changes) and the easy identification of individuals that may play special roles in supporting cross-community understanding. Furthermore, by combining semantic networks with techniques such as cultural network analysis (which can be used to develop individual- or group-level mental models) we can create semantic network models of shared understanding at either the individual or collective level. In the latter case, the technique affords a means of representing and visualizing the degree of shared understanding between specific cultural groups, and it is therefore ideally suited to military coalition environments, which feature the requisite inter-operation of culturally- and linguistically-disparate communities.
Smart P; Sieck W; Braines D; Huynh T; Sycara K; Shadbolt N
Modelling the Dynamics of Collective Cognition: A Network-Based Approach to Socially-Mediated Cognitive Change Proceedings Article
In: London, UK, 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: modeling
@inproceedings{smart_modelling_2010,
title = {Modelling the Dynamics of Collective Cognition: A Network-Based Approach to Socially-Mediated Cognitive Change},
author = {Paul Smart and Winston Sieck and Dave Braines and Trung Huynh and Katia Sycara and Nigel Shadbolt},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313363527},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-09-01},
urldate = {2010-09-01},
address = {London, UK},
abstract = {A number of studies in the network science literature have attempted to model the effect of network structure on cognitive state fluctuations in social networks. For the most part, these networks use highly simplified models of both cognitive state and social influence. In order to extend these studies and provide the basis for more complex network science simulations, a model of socially-mediated cognitive change is presented. The model attempts to integrate ideas and concepts from a number of disciplines, most notably psychology, evolutionary biology and complexity science. In the model, cognitive states are modelled as networks of binary variables, each of which indicates an agent’s belief in a particular fact. The links between variables represent the ‘logical’ dependencies between beliefs, and these dependencies are based on an agent’s knowledge of the domain to which the beliefs apply. Drawing on the psychological notion of cognitive dissonance, it is further suggested that agents are under internal pressure to adopt highly consistent belief configurations, and this identifies one source of cognitive dynamism in the model. Another source of dynamism derives from the structure of the social network. Here, the existence of network ties creates a dependency between the belief systems of connected agents. Cognitive change in such ‘coupled belief systems’ is modelled using Kauffman’s NK(C) model of co-evolutionary development in biological systems. As a final source of cognitive dynamism, the model incorporates the notion of an aggregate belief system (or cultural model), which represents the dominant set of beliefs associated with specific agent sub-groups. By explicitly incorporating the notion of an aggregate belief system into the model, the model supports the analysis of cognitive state fluctuations at the individual (psychological), social and cultural levels. It also provides the basis for future network science simulations that seek to study the complex interactions between these various levels.},
keywords = {modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A number of studies in the network science literature have attempted to model the effect of network structure on cognitive state fluctuations in social networks. For the most part, these networks use highly simplified models of both cognitive state and social influence. In order to extend these studies and provide the basis for more complex network science simulations, a model of socially-mediated cognitive change is presented. The model attempts to integrate ideas and concepts from a number of disciplines, most notably psychology, evolutionary biology and complexity science. In the model, cognitive states are modelled as networks of binary variables, each of which indicates an agent’s belief in a particular fact. The links between variables represent the ‘logical’ dependencies between beliefs, and these dependencies are based on an agent’s knowledge of the domain to which the beliefs apply. Drawing on the psychological notion of cognitive dissonance, it is further suggested that agents are under internal pressure to adopt highly consistent belief configurations, and this identifies one source of cognitive dynamism in the model. Another source of dynamism derives from the structure of the social network. Here, the existence of network ties creates a dependency between the belief systems of connected agents. Cognitive change in such ‘coupled belief systems’ is modelled using Kauffman’s NK(C) model of co-evolutionary development in biological systems. As a final source of cognitive dynamism, the model incorporates the notion of an aggregate belief system (or cultural model), which represents the dominant set of beliefs associated with specific agent sub-groups. By explicitly incorporating the notion of an aggregate belief system into the model, the model supports the analysis of cognitive state fluctuations at the individual (psychological), social and cultural levels. It also provides the basis for future network science simulations that seek to study the complex interactions between these various levels.
Sieck W R; Grome A P; Smith J L; Rababy D A
Expert cultural sensemaking in the management of Middle Eastern crowds Book Section
In: Mosier, K. L.; Fischer, U. M. (Ed.): Informed by Knowledge: Expert Performance in Complex Situations, pp. 103–119, Taylor & Francis, 2010, ISBN: 978-0-203-84798-5.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, reasoning
@incollection{sieck_expert_2010,
title = {Expert cultural sensemaking in the management of Middle Eastern crowds},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Anna P. Grome and Jennifer L. Smith and David A. Rababy},
editor = {K. L. Mosier and U. M. Fischer},
url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203847985-13/
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-IKEPCS10-expert-sensemaking-arab-crowds.pdf, Full Text},
isbn = {978-0-203-84798-5},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-09-01},
urldate = {2010-09-01},
booktitle = {Informed by Knowledge: Expert Performance in Complex Situations},
pages = {103–119},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {In order to successfully deal with crowds in host nations, American personnel must be able to understand the situation from the perspective of the crowd members. This claim is based on the assumption that crowd reactions depend in large part on how the relevant players (i.e., crowd members and security forces) interpret the situation. Past research in naturalistic decision making highlights the importance of mental models for how people make sense of situations (Sieck et al., 2007). According to Rouse and Morris (1986), mental models are “mechanisms whereby humans are able to generate descriptions of system purpose and form, explanations of system functioning and observed system states, and predictions of future system states” (p. 351). People’s mental models describe how they understand physical things like mechanical devices, but also their understanding of social and cognitive phenomena, such as crowd behavior, that tend to differ across cultures (Gopnik & Wellman, 1994; Lillard, 1998; Sieck, Rasmussen, & Smart, 2010).},
keywords = {culture & cognition, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
In order to successfully deal with crowds in host nations, American personnel must be able to understand the situation from the perspective of the crowd members. This claim is based on the assumption that crowd reactions depend in large part on how the relevant players (i.e., crowd members and security forces) interpret the situation. Past research in naturalistic decision making highlights the importance of mental models for how people make sense of situations (Sieck et al., 2007). According to Rouse and Morris (1986), mental models are “mechanisms whereby humans are able to generate descriptions of system purpose and form, explanations of system functioning and observed system states, and predictions of future system states” (p. 351). People’s mental models describe how they understand physical things like mechanical devices, but also their understanding of social and cognitive phenomena, such as crowd behavior, that tend to differ across cultures (Gopnik & Wellman, 1994; Lillard, 1998; Sieck, Rasmussen, & Smart, 2010).
Sieck W R; Rasmussen L J
Cultural Network Analysis: Mapping Cultural Theories of Mind Proceedings Article
In: Verma, Dinesh (Ed.): Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 1756–1761, IGI Global, Portland, OR, 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition
@inproceedings{sieck_cultural_2010,
title = {Cultural Network Analysis: Mapping Cultural Theories of Mind},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Louise J. Rasmussen},
editor = {Dinesh Verma},
url = {https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-cogsci10-cultural-theoriesofmind.pdf, Full Text},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-08-01},
urldate = {2010-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},
pages = {1756–1761},
publisher = {IGI Global},
address = {Portland, OR},
abstract = {People's ability to interact with members of other cultures is determined, in part, by their understanding of the folk psychological theories that explain behavior in those cultures. A comprehensive methodology is offered here for investigating such folk theories. It attempts to characterize the distribution of mental models within a cultural group. A network representation is used to depict the consensus elements (and level of consensus) in a cultural group's knowledge within a domain. The method is general with respect to knowledge domain, though the emphasis here is on folk theories of mind. The methodology is illustrated with two studies directed at Afghan explanations of an Afghan Mullah's decision making in a well-defined context.},
keywords = {culture & cognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
People's ability to interact with members of other cultures is determined, in part, by their understanding of the folk psychological theories that explain behavior in those cultures. A comprehensive methodology is offered here for investigating such folk theories. It attempts to characterize the distribution of mental models within a cultural group. A network representation is used to depict the consensus elements (and level of consensus) in a cultural group's knowledge within a domain. The method is general with respect to knowledge domain, though the emphasis here is on folk theories of mind. The methodology is illustrated with two studies directed at Afghan explanations of an Afghan Mullah's decision making in a well-defined context.
Sieck W R
Cultural network analysis: Method and application Book Section
In: Schmorrow, Dylan; Nicholson, Denise (Ed.): Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making, pp. 260–269, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2010, ISBN: 978-0-429-15128-6.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition
@incollection{sieck_cultural_2010-1,
title = {Cultural network analysis: Method and application},
author = {Winston R. Sieck},
editor = {Dylan Schmorrow and Denise Nicholson},
url = {https://www.routledge.com/9781138116740
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-ccdm10-cultural-analysis-method.pdf, Full Text},
isbn = {978-0-429-15128-6},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-08-01},
urldate = {2010-08-01},
booktitle = {Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making},
pages = {260–269},
publisher = {CRC Press/Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {A method is described for studying in detail the common perspective that members of a culture bring to a situation. The method results in models of the culture that provide a basis for outsiders to begin to frame events from the cultural-insider point of view. The cultural models can then be used to identify priority cultural aspects to emphasize in training, as an aid to anticipating how messages will be interpreted and evaluated by members of the culture, or as a means of diagnosing cultural frictions that impede effective multicultural team functioning. Example applications are presented to illustrate the value of the method.
Sieck, W. R. (2010). Cultural network analysis: Method and application. In D. Schmorrow & D. Nicholson (Eds.), Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making (pp. 260–269). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://www.routledge.com/9781138116740},
keywords = {culture & cognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
A method is described for studying in detail the common perspective that members of a culture bring to a situation. The method results in models of the culture that provide a basis for outsiders to begin to frame events from the cultural-insider point of view. The cultural models can then be used to identify priority cultural aspects to emphasize in training, as an aid to anticipating how messages will be interpreted and evaluated by members of the culture, or as a means of diagnosing cultural frictions that impede effective multicultural team functioning. Example applications are presented to illustrate the value of the method.
Sieck, W. R. (2010). Cultural network analysis: Method and application. In D. Schmorrow & D. Nicholson (Eds.), Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making (pp. 260–269). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://www.routledge.com/9781138116740
Sieck, W. R. (2010). Cultural network analysis: Method and application. In D. Schmorrow & D. Nicholson (Eds.), Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making (pp. 260–269). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://www.routledge.com/9781138116740
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R; Osland J S
Using Cultural Models of Decision Making to Develop and Assess Cultural Sensemaking Competence Book Section
In: Schmorrow, D.; Nicholson, D. (Ed.): Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2010, ISBN: 978-1-138-11674-0.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, decision making, learning, measuring, reasoning
@incollection{rasmussen_using_2010,
title = {Using Cultural Models of Decision Making to Develop and Assess Cultural Sensemaking Competence},
author = {L. J. Rasmussen and W. R. Sieck and J. S. Osland},
editor = {D. Schmorrow and D. Nicholson},
url = {https://www.routledge.com/9781138116740
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/rasmussen-CCDM10-cultural-models-sensemaking.pdf, Full Text},
isbn = {978-1-138-11674-0},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-08-01},
urldate = {2010-08-01},
booktitle = {Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making},
publisher = {CRC Press/Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {In this chapter we outline a theoretical framework for cultural sensemaking that connects high level metacognitive skills to region-specific knowledge. We also describe a novel instructional analysis and design approach, specifically developed to identify learning objectives and content for cultural sensemaking training. This approach leverages cultural models of decision making in the development and assessment of cultural competence. The cultural sensemaking framework describes a possible avenue through which culture-specific learning can contribute to culture-general competence.
Rasmussen, L. J., Sieck, W. R., & Osland, J. S. (2010). Using Cultural Models of Decision Making to Develop and Assess Cultural Sensemaking Competence. In D. Schmorrow & D. Nicholson (Eds.), Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://www.routledge.com/9781138116740},
keywords = {culture & cognition, decision making, learning, measuring, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
In this chapter we outline a theoretical framework for cultural sensemaking that connects high level metacognitive skills to region-specific knowledge. We also describe a novel instructional analysis and design approach, specifically developed to identify learning objectives and content for cultural sensemaking training. This approach leverages cultural models of decision making in the development and assessment of cultural competence. The cultural sensemaking framework describes a possible avenue through which culture-specific learning can contribute to culture-general competence.
Rasmussen, L. J., Sieck, W. R., & Osland, J. S. (2010). Using Cultural Models of Decision Making to Develop and Assess Cultural Sensemaking Competence. In D. Schmorrow & D. Nicholson (Eds.), Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://www.routledge.com/9781138116740
Rasmussen, L. J., Sieck, W. R., & Osland, J. S. (2010). Using Cultural Models of Decision Making to Develop and Assess Cultural Sensemaking Competence. In D. Schmorrow & D. Nicholson (Eds.), Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://www.routledge.com/9781138116740
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R
What happens after the 3rd cup of tea? A cultural sensemaking guide to Afghanistan Book
US DoD, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, cultural differences
@book{rasmussen_what_2010,
title = {What happens after the 3rd cup of tea? A cultural sensemaking guide to Afghanistan},
author = {Louise J. Rasmussen and Winston R. Sieck},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-07-01},
urldate = {2010-07-01},
publisher = {US DoD},
abstract = {This guide offers a look at some typical inter-cultural interactions that U.S. warfighters have faced in Afghanistan, from two contrasting perspectives. One perspective is that of Marines and Soldiers approaching their first deployments to Afghanistan: how do they view these interactions? How do they make sense of Afghan actions, and what explanations do they offer? Another perspective is that of Afghans themselves: how do they think about these same events? What explanations and insights do they offer for their fellow Afghans’ behaviors? The guide is organized around seven vignettes that describe interactions between American warfighters and Afghans. Each vignette is based on actual events from Afghanistan. The stories were reported in interviews conducted with Soldiers and Marines who had just returned from Afghanistan deployments.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2010). What happens after the 3rd cup of tea? A cultural sensemaking guide to Afghanistan. US DoD.},
keywords = {cultural competence, cultural differences},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
This guide offers a look at some typical inter-cultural interactions that U.S. warfighters have faced in Afghanistan, from two contrasting perspectives. One perspective is that of Marines and Soldiers approaching their first deployments to Afghanistan: how do they view these interactions? How do they make sense of Afghan actions, and what explanations do they offer? Another perspective is that of Afghans themselves: how do they think about these same events? What explanations and insights do they offer for their fellow Afghans’ behaviors? The guide is organized around seven vignettes that describe interactions between American warfighters and Afghans. Each vignette is based on actual events from Afghanistan. The stories were reported in interviews conducted with Soldiers and Marines who had just returned from Afghanistan deployments.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2010). What happens after the 3rd cup of tea? A cultural sensemaking guide to Afghanistan. US DoD.
Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2010). What happens after the 3rd cup of tea? A cultural sensemaking guide to Afghanistan. US DoD.
Sieck W R; Rasmussen L J; Smith J L; Kakar R U
Honor and integrity in Afghan decision making: Fundamental Afghan values within contexts Technical Report
Klein Associates Division of ARA no. W91CRB-09-C-0028c, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, decision making, modeling
@techreport{sieck_honor_2010,
title = {Honor and integrity in Afghan decision making: Fundamental Afghan values within contexts},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Louise J. Rasmussen and Jennifer L. Smith and Rafiq U. Kakar},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-07-01},
number = {W91CRB-09-C-0028c},
institution = {Klein Associates Division of ARA},
abstract = {Cultural competence rests in part on the ability to develop explanations about what a person from another culture thinks and cares about. It is the ability to develop a mental model of the other person‘s decision making within specific contexts. Training people to develop such models in situ requires grounded cases that accurately reflect a native perspective to use as representative target knowledge in classrooms or simulated environments. The scenario contexts used in the current study were identified in an earlier investigation of experienced Marines and Soldiers who had recently returned from Afghanistan. Based on their critical incidents involving personal interactions with Afghans, we developed scenarios focused on Afghan behavior that was puzzling to the Americans in operationally-relevant situations. In the current CNA studies, we conducted special interviews and a novel ―mental models‖ survey with Afghans from a variety of provinces and ethnic groups to understand the array of native perspectives on the Afghan behavior in the scenarios. The responses were used to build cultural models of the Afghan protagonists‘ decision making in the scenarios. The decision elements included a full range of considerations, from immediate intentions and goals to fundamental cultural values. In addition to developing models for use in cultural training, the current studies also sought to extend the wider base of knowledge about the role of fundamental cultural values in Afghan decision making.},
keywords = {culture & cognition, decision making, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Cultural competence rests in part on the ability to develop explanations about what a person from another culture thinks and cares about. It is the ability to develop a mental model of the other person‘s decision making within specific contexts. Training people to develop such models in situ requires grounded cases that accurately reflect a native perspective to use as representative target knowledge in classrooms or simulated environments. The scenario contexts used in the current study were identified in an earlier investigation of experienced Marines and Soldiers who had recently returned from Afghanistan. Based on their critical incidents involving personal interactions with Afghans, we developed scenarios focused on Afghan behavior that was puzzling to the Americans in operationally-relevant situations. In the current CNA studies, we conducted special interviews and a novel ―mental models‖ survey with Afghans from a variety of provinces and ethnic groups to understand the array of native perspectives on the Afghan behavior in the scenarios. The responses were used to build cultural models of the Afghan protagonists‘ decision making in the scenarios. The decision elements included a full range of considerations, from immediate intentions and goals to fundamental cultural values. In addition to developing models for use in cultural training, the current studies also sought to extend the wider base of knowledge about the role of fundamental cultural values in Afghan decision making.
Yates J F; Ji L; Oka T; Lee J; Shinotsuka H; Sieck W R
Indecisiveness and Culture: Incidence, Values, and Thoroughness Journal Article
In: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 428–444, 2010, ISSN: 0022-0221.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: confidence, cultural differences, decision making
@article{yates_indecisiveness_2010,
title = {Indecisiveness and Culture: Incidence, Values, and Thoroughness},
author = {J. Frank Yates and Li-Jun Ji and Takashi Oka and Ju-Whei Lee and Hiromi Shinotsuka and Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109359692
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/yates-jccp10-indecisiveness-culture.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1177/0022022109359692},
issn = {0022-0221},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-05-01},
urldate = {2010-05-01},
journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
volume = {41},
number = {3},
pages = {428–444},
abstract = {Three studies examined cultural variations in indecisiveness among Chinese, Japanese, and Americans. In Study 1, validated self-report, comprehensive measures of indecisiveness indicated large cultural differences, with Japanese participants exhibiting substantially more indecisiveness than Chinese or Americans. Study 2 provided evidence that such cultural variations correspond to variations in people’s positive versus negative values for decisive behaviors, suggesting that such values are plausibly an important means for motivating and sustaining cultural differences in indecisiveness. Study 3 provided direct behavioral instances of the differences in indecisiveness implicated in Studies 1 and 2. It also suggested that thoroughness might be an important cognitive mechanism whereby cultural differences in indecision actually occur, with thoroughness being especially prominent among Japanese decision makers. Suggestions for theory concerning the nature and foundations of indecisiveness and its cultural variations are developed and discussed, along with plausible implications for real-life practical issues, for example, in politics and management.
Yates, J. F., Ji, L.-J., Oka, T., Lee, J.-W., Shinotsuka, H., & Sieck, W. R. (2010). Indecisiveness and Culture: Incidence, Values, and Thoroughness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(3), 428–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109359692},
keywords = {confidence, cultural differences, decision making},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Three studies examined cultural variations in indecisiveness among Chinese, Japanese, and Americans. In Study 1, validated self-report, comprehensive measures of indecisiveness indicated large cultural differences, with Japanese participants exhibiting substantially more indecisiveness than Chinese or Americans. Study 2 provided evidence that such cultural variations correspond to variations in people’s positive versus negative values for decisive behaviors, suggesting that such values are plausibly an important means for motivating and sustaining cultural differences in indecisiveness. Study 3 provided direct behavioral instances of the differences in indecisiveness implicated in Studies 1 and 2. It also suggested that thoroughness might be an important cognitive mechanism whereby cultural differences in indecision actually occur, with thoroughness being especially prominent among Japanese decision makers. Suggestions for theory concerning the nature and foundations of indecisiveness and its cultural variations are developed and discussed, along with plausible implications for real-life practical issues, for example, in politics and management.
Yates, J. F., Ji, L.-J., Oka, T., Lee, J.-W., Shinotsuka, H., & Sieck, W. R. (2010). Indecisiveness and Culture: Incidence, Values, and Thoroughness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(3), 428–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109359692
Yates, J. F., Ji, L.-J., Oka, T., Lee, J.-W., Shinotsuka, H., & Sieck, W. R. (2010). Indecisiveness and Culture: Incidence, Values, and Thoroughness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(3), 428–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109359692
Karat J; Sieck W; Norman T J; Karat C; Brodie C; Rasmussen L; Sycara K
A Model for Culturally Adaptive Policy Management in Ad Hoc Collaborative Contexts Book Section
In: Verma, Dinesh (Ed.): Network Science: Information Exchange and Interaction, pp. 174–190, IGI Global, 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, technology
@incollection{karat_model_2010,
title = {A Model for Culturally Adaptive Policy Management in Ad Hoc Collaborative Contexts},
author = {John Karat and Winston Sieck and Timothy J. Norman and Clare-Marie Karat and Carolyn Brodie and Louise Rasmussen and Katia Sycara},
editor = {Dinesh Verma},
url = {https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-855-5.ch009},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
urldate = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {Network Science: Information Exchange and Interaction},
pages = {174–190},
publisher = {IGI Global},
abstract = {In this chapter, the authors consider an approach to advancing the value of context-sensitive policy management technology for collaborative mission planning and execution through integration of algorithms based on cultural models and collaborative decision making. Three research teams collaborated to leverage their research frameworks and results in policy lifecycle management, cultural analysis, and decision support in this effort. The chapter describes the three technical areas, and the results of a theoretical analysis of the potential value of their integration in a new perspective, combined with a set of research questions that might be addressed in further inquiry in this new area. The theoretical work identifies opportunities for addressing challenging issues in policy, culture, and collaborative decision making. The authors conclude with a view of future research that might provide a breakthrough in this intersection of disciplines and lead to the creation of a culturally aware policy management system for collaborative activities.
Karat, J., Sieck, W., Norman, T. J., Karat, C.-M., Brodie, C., Rasmussen, L., & Sycara, K. (2010). A Model for Culturally Adaptive Policy Management in Ad Hoc Collaborative Contexts. In D. Verma (Ed.), Network Science: Information Exchange and Interaction (pp. 174–190). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-855-5.ch009},
keywords = {collaboration, technology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
In this chapter, the authors consider an approach to advancing the value of context-sensitive policy management technology for collaborative mission planning and execution through integration of algorithms based on cultural models and collaborative decision making. Three research teams collaborated to leverage their research frameworks and results in policy lifecycle management, cultural analysis, and decision support in this effort. The chapter describes the three technical areas, and the results of a theoretical analysis of the potential value of their integration in a new perspective, combined with a set of research questions that might be addressed in further inquiry in this new area. The theoretical work identifies opportunities for addressing challenging issues in policy, culture, and collaborative decision making. The authors conclude with a view of future research that might provide a breakthrough in this intersection of disciplines and lead to the creation of a culturally aware policy management system for collaborative activities.
Karat, J., Sieck, W., Norman, T. J., Karat, C.-M., Brodie, C., Rasmussen, L., & Sycara, K. (2010). A Model for Culturally Adaptive Policy Management in Ad Hoc Collaborative Contexts. In D. Verma (Ed.), Network Science: Information Exchange and Interaction (pp. 174–190). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-855-5.ch009
Karat, J., Sieck, W., Norman, T. J., Karat, C.-M., Brodie, C., Rasmussen, L., & Sycara, K. (2010). A Model for Culturally Adaptive Policy Management in Ad Hoc Collaborative Contexts. In D. Verma (Ed.), Network Science: Information Exchange and Interaction (pp. 174–190). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-855-5.ch009
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R; Grome A P; Simpkins B G
Cultural sensemaking: Competence assessment and learning objectives for new leaders in the Marine Corps Technical Report
Klein Associates Division of ARA no. W91CRB-09-C-0028b, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, learning, measuring
@techreport{rasmussen_cultural_2009,
title = {Cultural sensemaking: Competence assessment and learning objectives for new leaders in the Marine Corps},
author = {Louise J. Rasmussen and Winston R. Sieck and Anna P. Grome and Benjamin G. Simpkins},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-10-01},
number = {W91CRB-09-C-0028b},
institution = {Klein Associates Division of ARA},
abstract = {In this study, we conducted scenario-based target learner interviews with 20 Marine Corps Officers recruited from the Marine Basic School in Quantico, VA. We presented the Marines with realistic scenarios describing intercultural interactions occurring within specific missions in Afghanistan. We probed their understanding of the situation, the cultural characters, their informational requirements, i.e. what would they like to know prior to making a decision, and their strategies for acting/interacting in this situation. We identified target learner gaps and misconceptions by comparing the ideas expressed in the interview data to an "expert" cultural model constructed from parallel interviews with Afghans. We further conducted qualitative analyses to characterize the content of the target learners’ understanding that did not fit with the cultural model. Based on the results we derived metacognitive, cognitive, and attitudinal learning objectives for cultural sensemaking.},
keywords = {cultural competence, learning, measuring},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
In this study, we conducted scenario-based target learner interviews with 20 Marine Corps Officers recruited from the Marine Basic School in Quantico, VA. We presented the Marines with realistic scenarios describing intercultural interactions occurring within specific missions in Afghanistan. We probed their understanding of the situation, the cultural characters, their informational requirements, i.e. what would they like to know prior to making a decision, and their strategies for acting/interacting in this situation. We identified target learner gaps and misconceptions by comparing the ideas expressed in the interview data to an "expert" cultural model constructed from parallel interviews with Afghans. We further conducted qualitative analyses to characterize the content of the target learners’ understanding that did not fit with the cultural model. Based on the results we derived metacognitive, cognitive, and attitudinal learning objectives for cultural sensemaking.
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R; Smart P
What is a Good Plan? Cultural Variations in Expert Planners' Concepts of Plan Quality Journal Article
In: Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 228–252, 2009, ISSN: 1555-3434.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cultural differences, decision making, measuring
@article{rasmussen_what_2009,
title = {What is a Good Plan? Cultural Variations in Expert Planners' Concepts of Plan Quality},
author = {Louise J. Rasmussen and Winston R. Sieck and Paul Smart},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1518/155534309X474479
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/rasmussen-jcedm09-culture-expert-plan-quality.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1518/155534309X474479},
issn = {1555-3434},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-09-01},
urldate = {2009-09-01},
journal = {Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making},
volume = {3},
number = {3},
pages = {228–252},
abstract = {This article presents the results of a field research study examining commonalities and differences between American and British operational planners' mental models of planning. We conducted cultural network analysis interviews with 14 experienced operational planners in the United States and the United Kingdom designed to measure their conceptions of planning. Our findings demonstrate the existence of fundamental differences between the ways American and British expert planners conceive of a high-quality plan. Our results revealed that the American planners' model focused on specification of action to achieve synchronization, providing little autonomy at the level of execution, and included the belief that increasing contingencies reduces risk. The British planners' model stressed the internal coherence of the plan to support shared situational awareness and thereby flexibility at the level of execution. The British model also emphasized the belief that reducing the number of assumptions decreases risk. Overall, the American ideal plan serves a controlling function, whereas the British ideal plan supports an enabling function. Interestingly, both the U.S. and UK planners viewed the other's ideal plan as riskier than their own. The implications of cultural models of plans and planning are described for establishing performance measures and designing systems to support multinational planning teams.
Rasmussen, L. J., Sieck, W. R., & Smart, P. (2009). What is a Good Plan? Cultural Variations in Expert Planners’ Concepts of Plan Quality. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 3(3), 228–252. https://doi.org/10.1518/155534309X474479},
keywords = {cultural differences, decision making, measuring},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article presents the results of a field research study examining commonalities and differences between American and British operational planners' mental models of planning. We conducted cultural network analysis interviews with 14 experienced operational planners in the United States and the United Kingdom designed to measure their conceptions of planning. Our findings demonstrate the existence of fundamental differences between the ways American and British expert planners conceive of a high-quality plan. Our results revealed that the American planners' model focused on specification of action to achieve synchronization, providing little autonomy at the level of execution, and included the belief that increasing contingencies reduces risk. The British planners' model stressed the internal coherence of the plan to support shared situational awareness and thereby flexibility at the level of execution. The British model also emphasized the belief that reducing the number of assumptions decreases risk. Overall, the American ideal plan serves a controlling function, whereas the British ideal plan supports an enabling function. Interestingly, both the U.S. and UK planners viewed the other's ideal plan as riskier than their own. The implications of cultural models of plans and planning are described for establishing performance measures and designing systems to support multinational planning teams.
Rasmussen, L. J., Sieck, W. R., & Smart, P. (2009). What is a Good Plan? Cultural Variations in Expert Planners’ Concepts of Plan Quality. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 3(3), 228–252. https://doi.org/10.1518/155534309X474479
Rasmussen, L. J., Sieck, W. R., & Smart, P. (2009). What is a Good Plan? Cultural Variations in Expert Planners’ Concepts of Plan Quality. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 3(3), 228–252. https://doi.org/10.1518/155534309X474479
Smart P; Huynh T; Mott D; Sycara K; Braines D; Strub M; Sieck W R; Shadbolt N
Towards an Understanding of Shared Understanding in Military Coalition Contexts Proceedings Article
In: Maryland, US, 2009.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration
@inproceedings{smart_towards_2009,
title = {Towards an Understanding of Shared Understanding in Military Coalition Contexts},
author = {Paul Smart and Trung Huynh and David Mott and Katia Sycara and Dave Braines and Michael Strub and Winston R. Sieck and Nigel Shadbolt},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/39997982},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-09-01},
urldate = {2009-09-01},
address = {Maryland, US},
abstract = {Shared understanding is commonly seen as essential to the success of coalition operations, and current research efforts are attempting to develop techniques and technologies to improve shared understanding in military coalition contexts. In spite of this, our understanding of what the term ‘shared understanding’ actually means is surprisingly poor. In part, this problem is attributable to the difficulty in comprehending the true nature of understanding itself, although confusions also arise about the precise nature of the differences between shared understanding and ostensibly similar constructs, such as shared mental models and shared situation awareness. In this paper, we attempt to improve our understanding of shared understanding by exploring the nature of understanding, situation awareness and mental models. Following Wittgenstein, we suggest that understanding is best conceived of as something akin to an ability, and shared understanding is, we suggest, best conceived of as the sharing of individual forms of understanding by multiple agents. We further suggest that mental models may provide a mechanistic realization for some of the performances that manifest understanding, and that situation awareness should best be seen as a particular kind of understanding, namely a dynamic form of situational understanding. In addition to discussing the nature of understanding and shared understanding, we also discuss their potential relevance to military coalition operations. We propose that shared understanding is important to coalition operations because it contributes to improvements in coalition performance, the optimal use of limited communication assets, and an improved sense of group cohesion, group solidarity and mutual trust.},
keywords = {collaboration},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Shared understanding is commonly seen as essential to the success of coalition operations, and current research efforts are attempting to develop techniques and technologies to improve shared understanding in military coalition contexts. In spite of this, our understanding of what the term ‘shared understanding’ actually means is surprisingly poor. In part, this problem is attributable to the difficulty in comprehending the true nature of understanding itself, although confusions also arise about the precise nature of the differences between shared understanding and ostensibly similar constructs, such as shared mental models and shared situation awareness. In this paper, we attempt to improve our understanding of shared understanding by exploring the nature of understanding, situation awareness and mental models. Following Wittgenstein, we suggest that understanding is best conceived of as something akin to an ability, and shared understanding is, we suggest, best conceived of as the sharing of individual forms of understanding by multiple agents. We further suggest that mental models may provide a mechanistic realization for some of the performances that manifest understanding, and that situation awareness should best be seen as a particular kind of understanding, namely a dynamic form of situational understanding. In addition to discussing the nature of understanding and shared understanding, we also discuss their potential relevance to military coalition operations. We propose that shared understanding is important to coalition operations because it contributes to improvements in coalition performance, the optimal use of limited communication assets, and an improved sense of group cohesion, group solidarity and mutual trust.
Simpkins B; Sieck W R; Smart P R; Mueller S T
Idea Propagation in Social Networks: The Role of 'Cognitive Advantage' Proceedings Article
In: pp. 1–22, ITA, 2009.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: modeling
@inproceedings{simpkins_idea_2009,
title = {Idea Propagation in Social Networks: The Role of 'Cognitive Advantage'},
author = {Benjamin Simpkins and Winston R. Sieck and Paul R. Smart and Shane T. Mueller},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13863210},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.13863210},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-09-01},
urldate = {2024-09-30},
pages = {1–22},
publisher = {ITA},
abstract = {Existing models of information transmission emphasize the role that structural factors play in the network-mediated spread of ideas. For example, the density of a communication network may be emphasized as a critical factor in determining the rate at which an idea spreads throughout a particular community. While such structural factors are no doubt important, it is also important to consider the role of psychological and cognitive factors in shaping the profile of idea propagation. A consideration of the psychological, cognitive context in which idea transmission takes place may serve to enhance the explanatory and predictive accuracy of existing models, and it may also contribute to improvements in their ecological validity.},
keywords = {modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Existing models of information transmission emphasize the role that structural factors play in the network-mediated spread of ideas. For example, the density of a communication network may be emphasized as a critical factor in determining the rate at which an idea spreads throughout a particular community. While such structural factors are no doubt important, it is also important to consider the role of psychological and cognitive factors in shaping the profile of idea propagation. A consideration of the psychological, cognitive context in which idea transmission takes place may serve to enhance the explanatory and predictive accuracy of existing models, and it may also contribute to improvements in their ecological validity.
Smith J L; Weaver E A; Sieck W R; Sticha P J
Cognitive Challenges in Behavioral Influences Analysis and Recommendations for the Development of Decision Vulnerability Models Technical Report
KAD and HumRRO no. S2617AI001, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: cta, reasoning
@techreport{smith_cognitive_2009,
title = {Cognitive Challenges in Behavioral Influences Analysis and Recommendations for the Development of Decision Vulnerability Models},
author = {Jennifer L. Smith and E. A. Weaver and Winston R. Sieck and P. J. Sticha},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-08-01},
number = {S2617AI001},
institution = {KAD and HumRRO},
abstract = {The primary objectives of this study were to identify cognitive challenges and capability gaps among relevant user populations, and to provide recommendations for the development of tools, methods, and/or processes to support Behavioral Influences Analysis (BIA). A Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) study and a targeted literature review were conducted to achieve this goal. The specific objectives of the CTA study included understanding expert BIA practitioner mental models of adversary decision making, with emphasis on concepts of vulnerabilities in group and individual decision processes. Analyses of the full CTA data resulted in the development of a taxonomy of types of vulnerabilities, a description of the analysts conception of adversary decision-making processes, and a review of the psychological theories that the analysts reported using. The CTA and other data relevant to BIA were further analyzed to construct an overview of BIA work processes and core components of analyst sensemaking. Analyses also revealed a set of cognitive challenges and capability gaps. Based on the analysis findings and cognitive challenges, recommendations were proposed to enhance the process.},
keywords = {cta, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The primary objectives of this study were to identify cognitive challenges and capability gaps among relevant user populations, and to provide recommendations for the development of tools, methods, and/or processes to support Behavioral Influences Analysis (BIA). A Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) study and a targeted literature review were conducted to achieve this goal. The specific objectives of the CTA study included understanding expert BIA practitioner mental models of adversary decision making, with emphasis on concepts of vulnerabilities in group and individual decision processes. Analyses of the full CTA data resulted in the development of a taxonomy of types of vulnerabilities, a description of the analysts conception of adversary decision-making processes, and a review of the psychological theories that the analysts reported using. The CTA and other data relevant to BIA were further analyzed to construct an overview of BIA work processes and core components of analyst sensemaking. Analyses also revealed a set of cognitive challenges and capability gaps. Based on the analysis findings and cognitive challenges, recommendations were proposed to enhance the process.
Rasmussen L J; Grome A P; Crandall B W; Sieck W R
The Puzzling Afghan: Making Sense of Afghan Interactions Technical Report
Klein Associates Division of ARA no. W91CRB-09-C-0028a, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: cta, cultural competence, reasoning
@techreport{rasmussen_puzzling_2009,
title = {The Puzzling Afghan: Making Sense of Afghan Interactions},
author = {Louise J. Rasmussen and Anna P. Grome and Beth W. Crandall and Winston R. Sieck},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-06-01},
number = {W91CRB-09-C-0028a},
institution = {Klein Associates Division of ARA},
abstract = {The Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) effort presented in this report is the first step toward developing Situated Cultural Training (SCT) for warfighters deployed to Afghanistan. Findings presented are based on 21 CTA interviews conducted with warfighters with recent Afghanistan deployments. Data collection centered around events in which interviewees had been surprised, puzzled, frustrated, or otherwise challenged by interactions with Afghans. The interviews provided a rich and varied look at the intercultural interactions U.S. warfighters were having with Afghans. We present a typology of situations in which U.S. warfighters experience cultural challenges, along with a set of 19 descriptive categories of cultural sensemaking challenges that reflect the surprises, confusions, and paradoxes they are encountering as they work and interact with Afghans. The report presents specific examples and incident accounts to illustrate sensemaking challenges. The content is useful for conducting further study, as well as developing training materials.},
keywords = {cta, cultural competence, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) effort presented in this report is the first step toward developing Situated Cultural Training (SCT) for warfighters deployed to Afghanistan. Findings presented are based on 21 CTA interviews conducted with warfighters with recent Afghanistan deployments. Data collection centered around events in which interviewees had been surprised, puzzled, frustrated, or otherwise challenged by interactions with Afghans. The interviews provided a rich and varied look at the intercultural interactions U.S. warfighters were having with Afghans. We present a typology of situations in which U.S. warfighters experience cultural challenges, along with a set of 19 descriptive categories of cultural sensemaking challenges that reflect the surprises, confusions, and paradoxes they are encountering as they work and interact with Afghans. The report presents specific examples and incident accounts to illustrate sensemaking challenges. The content is useful for conducting further study, as well as developing training materials.
Mueller S T; Sieck W R
The grammar of society: the nature and dynamics of social norms (book review) Journal Article
In: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 209–211, 2009, ISSN: 1099-0771.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition
@article{mueller_grammar_2009,
title = {The grammar of society: the nature and dynamics of social norms (book review)},
author = {Shane T. Mueller and Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.603
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/mueller-JBDM09-social-norms-dynamics.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1002/bdm.603},
issn = {1099-0771},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-04-01},
urldate = {2009-04-01},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral Decision Making},
volume = {22},
number = {2},
pages = {209–211},
abstract = {Cristina Bicchieri’s (2006) The Grammar of Society has a somewhat misleading title: the book is not about the types of transformation rules familiar to linguists, but rather about how game theory can provide a formal underpinning for understanding cultural norms. The title, however, is apt: one of Bicchieri’s main arguments is that norms can transform mixed-motive games (such as the prisoner’s dilemma) into coordination games (which can have win-win outcomes if the players can coordinate), just as a grammatical rule can transform a noun into a verb or present tense into past tense. The book balances economic, social, and psychological theory, relying on game theoretic models of behavior, field and laboratory studies from the judgment and decision making tradition, and examples of fashions, fads, and other norms in our societies. This perspective is useful because even while the author reduces complex social situations into simple games, she does not lose sight of how these games are relevant to norms that influence behavior, including diverse examples such as teenage binge drinking, Holland’s tulip bulb mania, and littering along the Italian coast.
Mueller, S. T., & Sieck, W. R. (2009). The grammar of society: The nature and dynamics of social norms (book review). Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 22(2), 209–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.603},
keywords = {culture & cognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cristina Bicchieri’s (2006) The Grammar of Society has a somewhat misleading title: the book is not about the types of transformation rules familiar to linguists, but rather about how game theory can provide a formal underpinning for understanding cultural norms. The title, however, is apt: one of Bicchieri’s main arguments is that norms can transform mixed-motive games (such as the prisoner’s dilemma) into coordination games (which can have win-win outcomes if the players can coordinate), just as a grammatical rule can transform a noun into a verb or present tense into past tense. The book balances economic, social, and psychological theory, relying on game theoretic models of behavior, field and laboratory studies from the judgment and decision making tradition, and examples of fashions, fads, and other norms in our societies. This perspective is useful because even while the author reduces complex social situations into simple games, she does not lose sight of how these games are relevant to norms that influence behavior, including diverse examples such as teenage binge drinking, Holland’s tulip bulb mania, and littering along the Italian coast.
Mueller, S. T., & Sieck, W. R. (2009). The grammar of society: The nature and dynamics of social norms (book review). Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 22(2), 209–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.603
Mueller, S. T., & Sieck, W. R. (2009). The grammar of society: The nature and dynamics of social norms (book review). Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 22(2), 209–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.603
Sieck W; Mueller S
Cultural variations in collaborative decision making: Driven by beliefs or social norms? Proceedings Article
In: ACM Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intercultural Collaboration, pp. 111–118, ACM, Palo Alto, CA, 2009, ISBN: 978-1-60558-502-4.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, cultural differences, decision making
@inproceedings{sieck_cultural_2009,
title = {Cultural variations in collaborative decision making: Driven by beliefs or social norms?},
author = {Winston Sieck and Shane Mueller},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1499224.1499242
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/mchugh-ndm08-culture-collaboration-decision.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1145/1499224.1499242},
isbn = {978-1-60558-502-4},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-02-01},
urldate = {2009-02-01},
booktitle = {ACM Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intercultural Collaboration},
pages = {111–118},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Palo Alto, CA},
abstract = {We describe a study intended to determine whether cultural variations in collaborative decision making are due to differences in beliefs about ideal collaboration processes, or are a reflection of distinct social norms. The results of a web-based survey study that included respondents from India, S. Korea, Turkey, and the U.S. were obtained using a recent statistical technique, Cultural Mixture Modeling that treats culture as an outcome of the analysis based on patterns of consensus in belief. The findings suggested that beliefs about effective collaborative decision processes have spread fairly widely among business professionals, but that typical practice rarely matches the ideal in some countries. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.},
keywords = {collaboration, cultural differences, decision making},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We describe a study intended to determine whether cultural variations in collaborative decision making are due to differences in beliefs about ideal collaboration processes, or are a reflection of distinct social norms. The results of a web-based survey study that included respondents from India, S. Korea, Turkey, and the U.S. were obtained using a recent statistical technique, Cultural Mixture Modeling that treats culture as an outcome of the analysis based on patterns of consensus in belief. The findings suggested that beliefs about effective collaborative decision processes have spread fairly widely among business professionals, but that typical practice rarely matches the ideal in some countries. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Karat J; Sieck W; Norman T J; Karat C; Brodie C; Rasmussen L; Sycara K
A framework for culturally adaptive policy management in ad hoc collaborative contexts Proceedings Article
In: ACM Proceedings of the 2009 international workshop on Intercultural collaboration, pp. 257–260, ACM, Palo Alto, CA, 2009, ISBN: 978-1-60558-502-4.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, technology
@inproceedings{karat_framework_2009,
title = {A framework for culturally adaptive policy management in ad hoc collaborative contexts},
author = {John Karat and Winston Sieck and Timothy J. Norman and Clare-Marie Karat and Carolyn Brodie and Louise Rasmussen and Katia Sycara},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1499224.1499270
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247927916},
doi = {10.1145/1499224.1499270},
isbn = {978-1-60558-502-4},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-02-01},
urldate = {2009-02-01},
booktitle = {ACM Proceedings of the 2009 international workshop on Intercultural collaboration},
pages = {257–260},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Palo Alto, CA},
abstract = {A three-phase fundamental research project is underway to determine the value of providing context-sensitive policy management technology, which is informed by algorithms based on cultural models and collaborative decision making, to partners in collaborative mission planning and execution. Three research teams are collaborating and leveraging their research frameworks and current results in policy lifecycle management, cultural analysis, and decision support in this effort. This paper describes the three technical areas, the potential value of their integration in a new perspective, a set of research questions, and the three-phase research approach of theoretical work, field interview research, and development of the system.},
keywords = {collaboration, technology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A three-phase fundamental research project is underway to determine the value of providing context-sensitive policy management technology, which is informed by algorithms based on cultural models and collaborative decision making, to partners in collaborative mission planning and execution. Three research teams are collaborating and leveraging their research frameworks and current results in policy lifecycle management, cultural analysis, and decision support in this effort. This paper describes the three technical areas, the potential value of their integration in a new perspective, a set of research questions, and the three-phase research approach of theoretical work, field interview research, and development of the system.
Sieck W R; Smith J L; Rasmussen L J
Expertise in making sense of cultural surprises Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC), pp. 1–9, Orlando, FL, 2008.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cultural competence, reasoning
@inproceedings{sieck_expertise_2008,
title = {Expertise in making sense of cultural surprises},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Jennifer L. Smith and Louise J. Rasmussen},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384459668},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-12-01},
urldate = {2008-12-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC)},
pages = {1–9},
address = {Orlando, FL},
abstract = {Culture is often treated as lists of context-general trait dimensions, such as power distance or individualism/collectivism. From this view, cultural awareness training often amounts to assessing dimensions for individual trainees, and showing how their responses differ from typical responses of the target culture. An important issue with this "dimensions" approach is that it can lead to a sophisticated form of stereotyping, as trainees learn overly simple models of the target culture. We have been exploring alternative conceptions of culture, as well as the processes by which experts, for whom successful cultural interactions are essential to their tasks, exploit opportunities to improve their cultural understanding. Empirical results are presented and implications of the study for cultural training are discussed.
Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L, & Rasmussen, L. J. (2008). Expertise in making sense of cultural surprises. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC), December 2008, Orlando, FL.},
keywords = {cultural competence, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Culture is often treated as lists of context-general trait dimensions, such as power distance or individualism/collectivism. From this view, cultural awareness training often amounts to assessing dimensions for individual trainees, and showing how their responses differ from typical responses of the target culture. An important issue with this "dimensions" approach is that it can lead to a sophisticated form of stereotyping, as trainees learn overly simple models of the target culture. We have been exploring alternative conceptions of culture, as well as the processes by which experts, for whom successful cultural interactions are essential to their tasks, exploit opportunities to improve their cultural understanding. Empirical results are presented and implications of the study for cultural training are discussed.
Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L, & Rasmussen, L. J. (2008). Expertise in making sense of cultural surprises. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC), December 2008, Orlando, FL.
Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L, & Rasmussen, L. J. (2008). Expertise in making sense of cultural surprises. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC), December 2008, Orlando, FL.
Smart P; Mott D; Gentle E; Braines D; Sieck W R; Poltrock S; Houghton P; Preece A; Nixon M; Strub M; Roberts D; Verma D; Shadbolt N
Holistan Revisited: Demonstrating Agent- and Knowledge-Based Capabilities for Future Coalition Military Operations Proceedings Article
In: London, UK, 2008.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: technology
@inproceedings{smart_holistan_2008,
title = {Holistan Revisited: Demonstrating Agent- and Knowledge-Based Capabilities for Future Coalition Military Operations},
author = {Paul Smart and David Mott and Edward Gentle and Dave Braines and Winston R. Sieck and Steven Poltrock and Peter Houghton and Alun Preece and Mark Nixon and Michael Strub and David Roberts and Darshika Verma and Nigel Shadbolt},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/39996367},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-09-01},
address = {London, UK},
abstract = {As a fundamental research program, the International Technology Alliance (ITA) aims to explore innovative solutions to some of the challenges confronting US/UK coalition military forces in an era of network-enabled operations. In order to demonstrate some of the scientific and technical achievements of the ITA research program, we have developed a detailed military scenario that features the involvement of US and UK coalition forces in a large-scale humanitarian-assistance/disaster relief (HA/DR) effort. The scenario is based in a fictitious country called Holistan, and it draws on a number of previous scenario specification efforts that have been undertaken as part of the ITA. In this paper we provide a detailed description of the scenario and review the opportunities for technology demonstration in respect of a number of ITA research focus areas.},
keywords = {technology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
As a fundamental research program, the International Technology Alliance (ITA) aims to explore innovative solutions to some of the challenges confronting US/UK coalition military forces in an era of network-enabled operations. In order to demonstrate some of the scientific and technical achievements of the ITA research program, we have developed a detailed military scenario that features the involvement of US and UK coalition forces in a large-scale humanitarian-assistance/disaster relief (HA/DR) effort. The scenario is based in a fictitious country called Holistan, and it draws on a number of previous scenario specification efforts that have been undertaken as part of the ITA. In this paper we provide a detailed description of the scenario and review the opportunities for technology demonstration in respect of a number of ITA research focus areas.