Sieck W R; Grome A P; Smith J L; Scott R; Hillegas A
Designing Risk Communications by Characterizing Mental Models: A Methodology and Application to Nuclear Terrorism Technical Report
Klein Associates Division of ARA no. DTRA0102D0066, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, decision making
@techreport{sieck_designing_2008,
title = {Designing Risk Communications by Characterizing Mental Models: A Methodology and Application to Nuclear Terrorism},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Anna P. Grome and Jennifer L. Smith and Ron Scott and Anne Hillegas},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-09-01},
number = {DTRA0102D0066},
institution = {Klein Associates Division of ARA},
abstract = {The purpose of this pilot study was to examine how the discipline of cognitive science, proven useful in many other applications, might be used to take terrorist cultural points-of view into account and understand better the decision-making process by which they might select and evaluate potential pathways. If it is possible to gain this understanding, then U.S. planners may better understand how to rank order the wide range of possible threat scenarios for closer scrutiny. Perhaps of more importance, this understanding may also help U.S. planners identify novel ways to influence terrorist decision-making to deter or otherwise discourage them from undertaking an attack in the first place or to encourage them to use a particular pathway.},
keywords = {culture & cognition, decision making},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The purpose of this pilot study was to examine how the discipline of cognitive science, proven useful in many other applications, might be used to take terrorist cultural points-of view into account and understand better the decision-making process by which they might select and evaluate potential pathways. If it is possible to gain this understanding, then U.S. planners may better understand how to rank order the wide range of possible threat scenarios for closer scrutiny. Perhaps of more importance, this understanding may also help U.S. planners identify novel ways to influence terrorist decision-making to deter or otherwise discourage them from undertaking an attack in the first place or to encourage them to use a particular pathway.
Weaver E A; Sieck W R; Sticha P J; Veinott E S
A State of the Art Literature Review to Support Decision Vulnerability Models Technical Report
HumRRO and ARA no. S2617AI001, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, decision making
@techreport{weaver_state_2008,
title = {A State of the Art Literature Review to Support Decision Vulnerability Models},
author = {E. A. Weaver and W. R. Sieck and P. J. Sticha and E. S. Veinott},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-08-01},
number = {S2617AI001},
institution = {HumRRO and ARA},
abstract = {The focus of the Decision Vulnerability Models (DVM) program is to assist the U.S. Air Force Cyber Command by providing analysts and operational planners with the knowledge to capitalize on theories and results of scientific research in the cognitive and social sciences. These theories and results can be used to identify cognitive vulnerabilities in adversaries that can be exploited through cyberspace. Determining this unique set of vulnerabilities will enable Commanders to understand adversary intent, forecast adversary likely behavior, and to design cyber influence tactics for the purpose of affecting or changing beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of individuals, groups, organizations, or societies.},
keywords = {culture & cognition, decision making},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The focus of the Decision Vulnerability Models (DVM) program is to assist the U.S. Air Force Cyber Command by providing analysts and operational planners with the knowledge to capitalize on theories and results of scientific research in the cognitive and social sciences. These theories and results can be used to identify cognitive vulnerabilities in adversaries that can be exploited through cyberspace. Determining this unique set of vulnerabilities will enable Commanders to understand adversary intent, forecast adversary likely behavior, and to design cyber influence tactics for the purpose of affecting or changing beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of individuals, groups, organizations, or societies.
McHugh A P; Smith J L; Sieck W R
Cultural Variations in Mental Models of Collaborative Decision Making Book Section
In: Schraagen, Jan Martin; Militello, Laura G.; Ormerod, Tom; Lipshitz, Raanan (Ed.): Naturalistic Decision Making and Macrocognition, pp. 141–158, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2008, ISBN: 978-1-315-59758-4.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, culture & cognition, decision making
@incollection{mchugh_cultural_2008,
title = {Cultural Variations in Mental Models of Collaborative Decision Making},
author = {Anna P. McHugh and Jennifer L. Smith and Winston R. Sieck},
editor = {Jan Martin Schraagen and Laura G. Militello and Tom Ormerod and Raanan Lipshitz},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315597584-10
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/mchugh-ndm08-culture-collaboration-decision.pdf, Full Text},
isbn = {978-1-315-59758-4},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-07-01},
urldate = {2008-07-01},
booktitle = {Naturalistic Decision Making and Macrocognition},
pages = {141–158},
publisher = {CRC Press/Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {This chapter describes an initial research effort to characterize mental models of collaborative decision making across diverse culture groups. It aims to highlight the areas of collaborative decision making where members of multinational teams commonly have disconnects, so that interventions for developing "hybrid" cultures in multinational teams can be appropriately targeted. The chapter describes a study that explored the common points of disconnect in the way members of a variety of cultures understand collaborative decision making. Variation among cultures also exists in the tempo of the decision making. In addition to the core aspects of the collaborative decision-making model, there is a set of key social-context variables that emerged from these data and from previous work as important to consider in collaborative decision making and that differ across cultures. Another culturally common aspect of mental models of collaborative decision making is the execution of a decision.
McHugh, A. P., Smith, J. L., & Sieck, W. R. (2008). Cultural Variations in Mental Models of Collaborative Decision Making. In J. M. Schraagen, L. G. Militello, T. Ormerod, & R. Lipshitz (Eds.), Naturalistic Decision Making and Macrocognition (pp. 141–158). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315597584-10},
keywords = {collaboration, culture & cognition, decision making},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
This chapter describes an initial research effort to characterize mental models of collaborative decision making across diverse culture groups. It aims to highlight the areas of collaborative decision making where members of multinational teams commonly have disconnects, so that interventions for developing "hybrid" cultures in multinational teams can be appropriately targeted. The chapter describes a study that explored the common points of disconnect in the way members of a variety of cultures understand collaborative decision making. Variation among cultures also exists in the tempo of the decision making. In addition to the core aspects of the collaborative decision-making model, there is a set of key social-context variables that emerged from these data and from previous work as important to consider in collaborative decision making and that differ across cultures. Another culturally common aspect of mental models of collaborative decision making is the execution of a decision.
McHugh, A. P., Smith, J. L., & Sieck, W. R. (2008). Cultural Variations in Mental Models of Collaborative Decision Making. In J. M. Schraagen, L. G. Militello, T. Ormerod, & R. Lipshitz (Eds.), Naturalistic Decision Making and Macrocognition (pp. 141–158). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315597584-10
McHugh, A. P., Smith, J. L., & Sieck, W. R. (2008). Cultural Variations in Mental Models of Collaborative Decision Making. In J. M. Schraagen, L. G. Militello, T. Ormerod, & R. Lipshitz (Eds.), Naturalistic Decision Making and Macrocognition (pp. 141–158). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315597584-10
Merkle E C; Zandt T V; Sieck W R
Rejoinder: Error in confidence judgments Journal Article
In: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 453–456, 2008, ISSN: 1099-0771.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: judgment, modeling, overconfidence
@article{merkle_rejoinder_2008,
title = {Rejoinder: Error in confidence judgments},
author = {Edgar C. Merkle and Trisha Van Zandt and Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.597
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/merkle-jbdm08-bias-overconfidence-rejoinder.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1002/bdm.605},
issn = {1099-0771},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-05-01},
urldate = {2008-05-01},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral Decision Making},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {453–456},
abstract = {People are sometimes overconfident in their decisions, at least in laboratory settings. Or are they? Erev, Wallsten, and Budescu (1994) provided a demonstration that error could produce an overconfidence effect, depending on how data are analyzed. Juslin,Winman, and Olsson’s (2000) position was stronger; they suggested that there was ‘‘little or no evidence for an information-processing [overconfidence] bias in human judgment’’ (p. 388). While we agree with both Erev et al. and Juslin et al. that error can produce overconfidence effects, our paper outlined a problem with Juslin et al.’s technical approach to separating error from ‘‘real’’ overconfidence: such a procedure, when applied to confidence judgment data, will happily remove overconfidence effects regardless of their source (random error or ‘‘real’’ overconfidence due to systematic biases). Furthermore, their procedure gives unrealistically large estimates of the extent of such error. The fact that the procedure can lead to erroneous conclusions means it cannot be used to support such arguments as there being ‘‘little or no evidence for an information-processing bias in human judgment.’’
Merkle, E. C., Van Zandt, T., & Sieck, W. R. (2008). Rejoinder: Error in confidence judgments. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21(4), 453–456. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.605},
keywords = {judgment, modeling, overconfidence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
People are sometimes overconfident in their decisions, at least in laboratory settings. Or are they? Erev, Wallsten, and Budescu (1994) provided a demonstration that error could produce an overconfidence effect, depending on how data are analyzed. Juslin,Winman, and Olsson’s (2000) position was stronger; they suggested that there was ‘‘little or no evidence for an information-processing [overconfidence] bias in human judgment’’ (p. 388). While we agree with both Erev et al. and Juslin et al. that error can produce overconfidence effects, our paper outlined a problem with Juslin et al.’s technical approach to separating error from ‘‘real’’ overconfidence: such a procedure, when applied to confidence judgment data, will happily remove overconfidence effects regardless of their source (random error or ‘‘real’’ overconfidence due to systematic biases). Furthermore, their procedure gives unrealistically large estimates of the extent of such error. The fact that the procedure can lead to erroneous conclusions means it cannot be used to support such arguments as there being ‘‘little or no evidence for an information-processing bias in human judgment.’’
Merkle, E. C., Van Zandt, T., & Sieck, W. R. (2008). Rejoinder: Error in confidence judgments. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21(4), 453–456. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.605
Merkle, E. C., Van Zandt, T., & Sieck, W. R. (2008). Rejoinder: Error in confidence judgments. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21(4), 453–456. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.605
Rasmussen L J; Sieck W R; Smart P R
US/UK Mental Models of Planning: The Relationship Between Plan Detail and Plan Quality Proceedings Article
In: 2008, ISBN: 978-92-837-0062-3.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, cultural differences
@inproceedings{rasmussen_usuk_2008,
title = {US/UK Mental Models of Planning: The Relationship Between Plan Detail and Plan Quality},
author = {Louise J. Rasmussen and Winston R. Sieck and Paul R. Smart},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13858239},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.13858239},
isbn = {978-92-837-0062-3},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-04-01},
abstract = {This paper presents the results of a research study applying a new cultural analysis method to capture commonalities and differences between US and UK mental models of operational planning. The results demonstrate the existence of fundamental differences between the way US and UK planners think about what it means to have a high quality plan. Specifically, the present study captures differences in how US and UK planners conceptualize plan quality. Explicit models of cultural differences in conceptions of plan quality are useful for establishing performance metrics for multinational planning teams. This paper discusses the prospects of enabling automatic evaluation of multinational team performance by combining recent advances in cultural modelling with enhanced ontology languages.},
keywords = {collaboration, cultural differences},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper presents the results of a research study applying a new cultural analysis method to capture commonalities and differences between US and UK mental models of operational planning. The results demonstrate the existence of fundamental differences between the way US and UK planners think about what it means to have a high quality plan. Specifically, the present study captures differences in how US and UK planners conceptualize plan quality. Explicit models of cultural differences in conceptions of plan quality are useful for establishing performance metrics for multinational planning teams. This paper discusses the prospects of enabling automatic evaluation of multinational team performance by combining recent advances in cultural modelling with enhanced ontology languages.
Sieck W R; Rasmussen L J
Cultural network analysis: Characterizing target audience cognition Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2008 Phoenix Challenge Conference on Information Operations, pp. 1–8, Monterey, CA, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition
@inproceedings{sieck_cultural_2008,
title = {Cultural network analysis: Characterizing target audience cognition},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Louise J. Rasmussen},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-04-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 Phoenix Challenge Conference on Information Operations},
pages = {1–8},
address = {Monterey, CA},
abstract = {In this paper, we present Cultural Network Analysis (CNA) as a broad approach that aids in providing the most relevant cognitive aspects of cultural groups for decision influence. CNA comprises a collection of methodologies for eliciting, analyzing, and representing the beliefs, values, and cognitive concepts that are shared by members of cultural groups (Sieck & Rasmussen, 2007). This paper will provide a detailed description of CNA as well as a discussion of how CNA can be applied to support challenges in characterizing target audiences.
Sieck, W. R. & Rasmussen, L. J. (2008). Cultural network analysis: Characterizing target audience cognition. Proceedings of the 2008 Phoenix Challenge Conference on Information Operations, April 2008, Monterey CA.},
keywords = {culture & cognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper, we present Cultural Network Analysis (CNA) as a broad approach that aids in providing the most relevant cognitive aspects of cultural groups for decision influence. CNA comprises a collection of methodologies for eliciting, analyzing, and representing the beliefs, values, and cognitive concepts that are shared by members of cultural groups (Sieck & Rasmussen, 2007). This paper will provide a detailed description of CNA as well as a discussion of how CNA can be applied to support challenges in characterizing target audiences.
Sieck, W. R. & Rasmussen, L. J. (2008). Cultural network analysis: Characterizing target audience cognition. Proceedings of the 2008 Phoenix Challenge Conference on Information Operations, April 2008, Monterey CA.
Sieck, W. R. & Rasmussen, L. J. (2008). Cultural network analysis: Characterizing target audience cognition. Proceedings of the 2008 Phoenix Challenge Conference on Information Operations, April 2008, Monterey CA.
Merkle E C; Sieck W R; Zandt T
Response error and processing biases in confidence judgment Journal Article
In: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 428–448, 2008, ISSN: 1099-0771.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: confidence, judgment, overconfidence
@article{merkle_response_2008,
title = {Response error and processing biases in confidence judgment},
author = {Edgar C. Merkle and Winston R. Sieck and Trisha Zandt},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.597
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/merkle-jbdm08-process-bias-overconfidence.pdf},
doi = {10.1002/bdm.597},
issn = {1099-0771},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-03-01},
urldate = {2008-03-01},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral Decision Making},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {428–448},
abstract = {Previous studies showed that random error can explain overconfidence effects typically observed in the literature. One of these studies concluded that, after accounting for random error effects in the data, there is little support for cognitive-processing biases in confidence elicitation. In this paper, we investigate more closely the random error explanation for overconfidence. We generated data from four models of confidence and then estimated the magnitude of random error in the data. Our results show that, in addition to the true magnitude of random error specified in the simulations, the error estimates are influenced by important cognitive-processing biases in the confidence elicitation process. We found that random error in the response process can account for the degree of overconfidence found in calibration studies, even when that overconfidence is actually caused by other factors. Thus, the error models say little about whether cognitive biases are present in the confidence elicitation process.
Merkle, E. C., Sieck, W. R., & van Zandt, T. (2008). Response error and processing biases in confidence judgment. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21(4), 428–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.597},
keywords = {confidence, judgment, overconfidence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Previous studies showed that random error can explain overconfidence effects typically observed in the literature. One of these studies concluded that, after accounting for random error effects in the data, there is little support for cognitive-processing biases in confidence elicitation. In this paper, we investigate more closely the random error explanation for overconfidence. We generated data from four models of confidence and then estimated the magnitude of random error in the data. Our results show that, in addition to the true magnitude of random error specified in the simulations, the error estimates are influenced by important cognitive-processing biases in the confidence elicitation process. We found that random error in the response process can account for the degree of overconfidence found in calibration studies, even when that overconfidence is actually caused by other factors. Thus, the error models say little about whether cognitive biases are present in the confidence elicitation process.
Merkle, E. C., Sieck, W. R., & van Zandt, T. (2008). Response error and processing biases in confidence judgment. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21(4), 428–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.597
Merkle, E. C., Sieck, W. R., & van Zandt, T. (2008). Response error and processing biases in confidence judgment. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21(4), 428–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.597
Sieck W R; Smith J L; McHugh A P
Cross-National Comparison of Team Competency Values Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, pp. 268–272, SAGE, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, competencies, cultural differences
@inproceedings{sieck_cross-national_2007,
title = {Cross-National Comparison of Team Competency Values},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Jennifer L. Smith and Anna P. McHugh},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100426},
doi = {10.1177/154193120705100426},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-10-01},
urldate = {2007-10-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting},
volume = {51 (4)},
pages = {268–272},
publisher = {SAGE},
abstract = {The current study examined cultural differences in beliefs about the competencies required for effective team functioning. Participants (n = 163) with professional experience from four nations completed a web-based survey about team competencies. Overall, the results indicated that notions of competent team behavior rooted in Western scholarship are valued across a diverse set of countries. Surprisingly, these differences held even for team-focused competencies that would appear to run counter to Western independence and individualism, such as putting team goals before personal goals. Implications are discussed.},
keywords = {collaboration, competencies, cultural differences},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The current study examined cultural differences in beliefs about the competencies required for effective team functioning. Participants (n = 163) with professional experience from four nations completed a web-based survey about team competencies. Overall, the results indicated that notions of competent team behavior rooted in Western scholarship are valued across a diverse set of countries. Surprisingly, these differences held even for team-focused competencies that would appear to run counter to Western independence and individualism, such as putting team goals before personal goals. Implications are discussed.
Preece A; Sieck W R
The International Technology Alliance in Network and Information Sciences Journal Article
In: IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 18–19, 2007, ISSN: 1941-1294.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, technology
@article{preece_international_2007,
title = {The International Technology Alliance in Network and Information Sciences},
author = {Alun Preece and Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/mis.2007.4338489
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/preece-IEEE-IS07-ita-network-science.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1109/MIS.2007.4338489},
issn = {1941-1294},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-09-01},
urldate = {2007-09-01},
journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {18–19},
abstract = {In May 2006, the US Army Research Laboratory and UK Ministry of Defense created the international technology alliance. The consortium of 26 partners including the ARL and MoD offers an open research environment in which leading US and UK companies and universities can collaborate (see table 1). It will also fuse the best aspects of the US Army's Collaborative Technology Alliances and UK MoD's Defense Technology Centers on an international scale. The ITA aims to develop flexible, distributed, and secure decision-making procedures to improve networked coalition operations. Network science is a young discipline we have limited information models and network theories to describe the behavior and scaling of large, complex mobile ad hoc networks.1 moreover, you can't understand a coalition network's performance without understanding its cognitive and sociocultural aspects and physical characteristics. A key ITA goal is to perform basic research in network-centric coalition decision making across four technical areas: network theory, security across a system of systems, sensor information processing and delivery, and distributed coalition planning and decision making, 2. we focus on the last area because this is where intelligent systems will play the biggest role.
Preece, A., & Sieck, W. R. (2007). The International Technology Alliance in Network and Information Sciences. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 22(5), 18–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2007.4338489},
keywords = {collaboration, technology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In May 2006, the US Army Research Laboratory and UK Ministry of Defense created the international technology alliance. The consortium of 26 partners including the ARL and MoD offers an open research environment in which leading US and UK companies and universities can collaborate (see table 1). It will also fuse the best aspects of the US Army's Collaborative Technology Alliances and UK MoD's Defense Technology Centers on an international scale. The ITA aims to develop flexible, distributed, and secure decision-making procedures to improve networked coalition operations. Network science is a young discipline we have limited information models and network theories to describe the behavior and scaling of large, complex mobile ad hoc networks.1 moreover, you can't understand a coalition network's performance without understanding its cognitive and sociocultural aspects and physical characteristics. A key ITA goal is to perform basic research in network-centric coalition decision making across four technical areas: network theory, security across a system of systems, sensor information processing and delivery, and distributed coalition planning and decision making, 2. we focus on the last area because this is where intelligent systems will play the biggest role.
Preece, A., & Sieck, W. R. (2007). The International Technology Alliance in Network and Information Sciences. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 22(5), 18–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2007.4338489
Preece, A., & Sieck, W. R. (2007). The International Technology Alliance in Network and Information Sciences. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 22(5), 18–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2007.4338489
Sieck W R; Smith J L; McHugh A P; Veinott E; Mueller S T
Crowd Cultures: An Investigation of Decision Making in Middle Eastern Crowds Technical Report
Klein Associates Division of ARA Asilomar, CA, no. FA8650-05-C-6549, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, learning
@techreport{sieck_crowd_2007,
title = {Crowd Cultures: An Investigation of Decision Making in Middle Eastern Crowds},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Jennifer L. Smith and Anna P. McHugh and Elizabeth Veinott and Shane T. Mueller},
url = {https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-bstpa11-arab-crowds-preprint.pdf},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-09-01},
urldate = {2007-06-01},
booktitle = {Eighth International Naturalistic Decision Making Conference},
number = {FA8650-05-C-6549},
address = {Asilomar, CA},
institution = {Klein Associates Division of ARA},
abstract = {In this report, we describe six empirical studies intended to understand the nature of crowds, and the associated challenges of crowd management in the Middle East. We then discuss a broad theoretical framework for thinking about cultural analysis and training issues, including their applications to crowd management and related problems. Finally, we specify an approach for the development of cultural training applications that follows from the theory. One finding that surfaced throughout the present studies was the importance of communicating with crowd members in order to understand and influence the crowd situation. This result suggests that more emphasis should be placed on the advancement of communication technologies as non-lethal capabilities to aid crowd management. This doc is a technical report. A subsequent chapter is linked for further information.},
keywords = {culture & cognition, learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
In this report, we describe six empirical studies intended to understand the nature of crowds, and the associated challenges of crowd management in the Middle East. We then discuss a broad theoretical framework for thinking about cultural analysis and training issues, including their applications to crowd management and related problems. Finally, we specify an approach for the development of cultural training applications that follows from the theory. One finding that surfaced throughout the present studies was the importance of communicating with crowd members in order to understand and influence the crowd situation. This result suggests that more emphasis should be placed on the advancement of communication technologies as non-lethal capabilities to aid crowd management. This doc is a technical report. A subsequent chapter is linked for further information.
Sieck W R; Rasmussen L J
Cultural network analysis Proceedings Article
In: First Annual Conference of the US/UK International Technology Alliance, Baltimore, MD, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition
@inproceedings{sieck_cultural_2007-2,
title = {Cultural network analysis},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Louise J. Rasmussen},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384459653},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-09-01},
urldate = {2007-09-01},
booktitle = {First Annual Conference of the US/UK International Technology Alliance},
address = {Baltimore, MD},
abstract = {This paper presents a theoretical and methodological framework for studying cultural differences and commonalities in specialized knowledge domains. This framework, referred to as Cultural Network Analysis, provides a collection of methodologies for characterizing the mental representations distributed among members of cultural groups. This framework is being developed as an approach to increase our understanding of real, complex, and dynamic operational environments, such as is the case in coalition planning teams. In coalition planning, human actors are tasked with communicating and collaborating with other humans who have different cultural understandings of the tasks at hand. A solid scientific understanding of the knowledge employed in complex, dynamic work domains will provide us with a foundation for developing design principles for tools and systems that can better support complex tasks such as coalition planning by taking cultural differences in understanding into account.
Sieck, W. R., & Rasmussen, L. J. (2007, September). Cultural network analysis. First Annual Conference of the US/UK International Technology Alliance, Baltimore, MD.},
keywords = {culture & cognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper presents a theoretical and methodological framework for studying cultural differences and commonalities in specialized knowledge domains. This framework, referred to as Cultural Network Analysis, provides a collection of methodologies for characterizing the mental representations distributed among members of cultural groups. This framework is being developed as an approach to increase our understanding of real, complex, and dynamic operational environments, such as is the case in coalition planning teams. In coalition planning, human actors are tasked with communicating and collaborating with other humans who have different cultural understandings of the tasks at hand. A solid scientific understanding of the knowledge employed in complex, dynamic work domains will provide us with a foundation for developing design principles for tools and systems that can better support complex tasks such as coalition planning by taking cultural differences in understanding into account.
Sieck, W. R., & Rasmussen, L. J. (2007, September). Cultural network analysis. First Annual Conference of the US/UK International Technology Alliance, Baltimore, MD.
Sieck, W. R., & Rasmussen, L. J. (2007, September). Cultural network analysis. First Annual Conference of the US/UK International Technology Alliance, Baltimore, MD.
Mueller S T; Sieck W R; Veinott E
Cultural Metrics: A Finite Mixture Models Approach Technical Report
Klein Associates Division of ARA no. 07TA2-SP1-RT1, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, measuring, modeling
@techreport{mueller_cultural_2007,
title = {Cultural Metrics: A Finite Mixture Models Approach},
author = {Shane T. Mueller and Winston R. Sieck and Elizabeth Veinott},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-09-01},
urldate = {2007-09-01},
number = {07TA2-SP1-RT1},
institution = {Klein Associates Division of ARA},
abstract = {In this paper we describe a technique for revealing whether or not a set of respondents
share a common set of beliefs, which we call Cultural Mixture Modeling. The method employs a statistical technique called finite mixture modeling to perform model-based clustering. It
accounts for responses by assuming the population of respondents can be described by one or more groups having distinct beliefs. Finite mixture modeling uses the E-M algorithm for
statistical inference, and we adopt the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) to determine how
many groups are required to account for the data. The technique offers several advantages over prior statistical procedures for identifying cultural consensus such as Cultural Consensus Theory. We examine four sample data sets and show how cultural mixture modeling allows for inferences about shared beliefs that go beyond traditional statistical approaches.},
keywords = {culture & cognition, measuring, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
In this paper we describe a technique for revealing whether or not a set of respondents
share a common set of beliefs, which we call Cultural Mixture Modeling. The method employs a statistical technique called finite mixture modeling to perform model-based clustering. It
accounts for responses by assuming the population of respondents can be described by one or more groups having distinct beliefs. Finite mixture modeling uses the E-M algorithm for
statistical inference, and we adopt the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) to determine how
many groups are required to account for the data. The technique offers several advantages over prior statistical procedures for identifying cultural consensus such as Cultural Consensus Theory. We examine four sample data sets and show how cultural mixture modeling allows for inferences about shared beliefs that go beyond traditional statistical approaches.
share a common set of beliefs, which we call Cultural Mixture Modeling. The method employs a statistical technique called finite mixture modeling to perform model-based clustering. It
accounts for responses by assuming the population of respondents can be described by one or more groups having distinct beliefs. Finite mixture modeling uses the E-M algorithm for
statistical inference, and we adopt the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) to determine how
many groups are required to account for the data. The technique offers several advantages over prior statistical procedures for identifying cultural consensus such as Cultural Consensus Theory. We examine four sample data sets and show how cultural mixture modeling allows for inferences about shared beliefs that go beyond traditional statistical approaches.
Rasmussen L J; Smith J L; Sieck W R
Effects of a cultural reconciliation procedure on multinational collaborative decision making Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2007 Group Negotiation and Decision Making Meeting, pp. 1–10, informs, Mont Tremblant, Quebec, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, cultural differences, decision making
@inproceedings{rasmussen_effects_2007,
title = {Effects of a cultural reconciliation procedure on multinational collaborative decision making},
author = {Louise J. Rasmussen and Jennifer L. Smith and Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13859284},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.13859284},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 Group Negotiation and Decision Making Meeting},
pages = {1–10},
publisher = {informs},
address = {Mont Tremblant, Quebec},
abstract = {Collaborative decision making in culturally diverse teams is common in a variety of organizational settings. Individuals from different cultural backgrounds bring with them unique knowledge and perspectives that, when brought together, should yield ideas and problem solutions that are more creative and of higher quality than culturally homogeneous teams. However, research has shown that cultural diversity in teams often leads to decreased performance. The purpose of the current study is to examine the effects of reconciling cultural differences on multinational collaborative decision-making. Two groups of culturally diverse teams completed both an idea-generation task and a rank ordering task. Both tasks were completed in a distributed fashion using a web phone. Half the groups engaged in a cultural reconciliation procedure prior to completing the experimental tasks, the other half engaged in a control activity. The results indicated that the groups that had experienced the reconciliation procedure performed significantly worse on the idea-generation and rank ordering tasks, and they experienced lower overall team efficacy. The results suggest that future research should examine procedures and reconciliation concepts calling attention to cultural commonalities between team members, rather than differences. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed.},
keywords = {collaboration, cultural differences, decision making},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Collaborative decision making in culturally diverse teams is common in a variety of organizational settings. Individuals from different cultural backgrounds bring with them unique knowledge and perspectives that, when brought together, should yield ideas and problem solutions that are more creative and of higher quality than culturally homogeneous teams. However, research has shown that cultural diversity in teams often leads to decreased performance. The purpose of the current study is to examine the effects of reconciling cultural differences on multinational collaborative decision-making. Two groups of culturally diverse teams completed both an idea-generation task and a rank ordering task. Both tasks were completed in a distributed fashion using a web phone. Half the groups engaged in a cultural reconciliation procedure prior to completing the experimental tasks, the other half engaged in a control activity. The results indicated that the groups that had experienced the reconciliation procedure performed significantly worse on the idea-generation and rank ordering tasks, and they experienced lower overall team efficacy. The results suggest that future research should examine procedures and reconciliation concepts calling attention to cultural commonalities between team members, rather than differences. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed.
Sieck W R; Smith J L; McHugh A P
Cultural consensus in mental models of collaborative decision making Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2007 Group Negotiation and Decision Making Meeting, pp. 1–3, informs, Mont Tremblant, Quebec, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, cultural differences, measuring, modeling
@inproceedings{sieck_cultural_2007-1,
title = {Cultural consensus in mental models of collaborative decision making},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Jennifer L. Smith and Anna P. McHugh},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.13859397},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-06-01},
urldate = {2007-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 Group Negotiation and Decision Making Meeting},
pages = {1–3},
publisher = {informs},
address = {Mont Tremblant, Quebec},
abstract = {As corporate and governmental organizations place greater reliance on multinational and multicultural teams, it is critical to identify potential friction points where cultural misunderstandings could occur that would impact team effectiveness. One source of friction is in the mental models that culturally diverse team members have of the collaborative decision process itself. The purpose of this paper is to use an analytical technique for cultural modeling, Cultural Consensus Theory (CCT), to measure and explore cultural commonalities and differences in mental models of collaborative decision processes.},
keywords = {collaboration, cultural differences, measuring, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
As corporate and governmental organizations place greater reliance on multinational and multicultural teams, it is critical to identify potential friction points where cultural misunderstandings could occur that would impact team effectiveness. One source of friction is in the mental models that culturally diverse team members have of the collaborative decision process itself. The purpose of this paper is to use an analytical technique for cultural modeling, Cultural Consensus Theory (CCT), to measure and explore cultural commonalities and differences in mental models of collaborative decision processes.
Sieck W R; Merkle E C; Zandt T V
Option fixation: A cognitive contributor to overconfidence Journal Article
In: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 68–83, 2007, ISSN: 0749-5978.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: judgment, overconfidence, reasoning
@article{sieck_option_2007,
title = {Option fixation: A cognitive contributor to overconfidence},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Edgar C. Merkle and Trisha Van Zandt},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.11.001
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-obhdp07-fixation-cognitive-overconfidence.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.11.001},
issn = {0749-5978},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-05-01},
urldate = {2007-05-01},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
volume = {103},
number = {1},
pages = {68–83},
abstract = {The ASC model of choice and confidence in general knowledge proposes that respondents first Assess the familiarity of presented options, and then use the high-familiarity option as a retrieval cue to Search memory for the purposes of Constructing an explanation about why that high-familiarity option is true. The ASC process implies that overconfidence results in part from a tendency to fixate on the high-familiarity option, to the neglect of the other option. If this implication is true, then judgment tasks requiring respondents to evaluate each option independently should result in reduced overconfidence as compared with standard judgment tasks. Two experiments tested this implication, and found that confidence and overconfidence were reduced when respondents evaluated options independently. The findings support the proposal that option fixation contributes to overconfidence, and also clarify the limitations of random error explanations of overconfidence.
Sieck, W. R., Merkle, E. C., & Van Zandt, T. (2007). Option fixation: A cognitive contributor to overconfidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103(1), 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.11.001},
keywords = {judgment, overconfidence, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The ASC model of choice and confidence in general knowledge proposes that respondents first Assess the familiarity of presented options, and then use the high-familiarity option as a retrieval cue to Search memory for the purposes of Constructing an explanation about why that high-familiarity option is true. The ASC process implies that overconfidence results in part from a tendency to fixate on the high-familiarity option, to the neglect of the other option. If this implication is true, then judgment tasks requiring respondents to evaluate each option independently should result in reduced overconfidence as compared with standard judgment tasks. Two experiments tested this implication, and found that confidence and overconfidence were reduced when respondents evaluated options independently. The findings support the proposal that option fixation contributes to overconfidence, and also clarify the limitations of random error explanations of overconfidence.
Sieck, W. R., Merkle, E. C., & Van Zandt, T. (2007). Option fixation: A cognitive contributor to overconfidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103(1), 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.11.001
Sieck, W. R., Merkle, E. C., & Van Zandt, T. (2007). Option fixation: A cognitive contributor to overconfidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103(1), 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.11.001
Sieck W R; Patel J
Cultural issues in coalition planning Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Knowledge Systems in Coalition Operations, pp. 88–92, IEEE Press, Waltham, MA, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, decision making
@inproceedings{sieck_cultural_2007,
title = {Cultural issues in coalition planning},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Jitu Patel},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13859182},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.13859182},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-05-01},
booktitle = {IEEE Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Knowledge Systems in Coalition Operations},
pages = {88–92},
publisher = {IEEE Press},
address = {Waltham, MA},
abstract = {This paper outlines the cultural issues that manifest in the planning and decision-making phases of coalition operations. It then summarizes the current status of emerging tools for identifying cultural differences, with respect to supporting coalition planning activities. The emphasis is on cultural variations in cognition, language, distributed social interaction, as well as their interrelationships. In particular, the paper describes Cultural Network Analysis for extracting and representing culturally shared, complex mental representations that drive decisions; tools for the assessment of commander’s intent across coalition boundaries; and methods for investigating social interactions and language in multicultural distributed collaboration settings.},
keywords = {culture & cognition, decision making},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper outlines the cultural issues that manifest in the planning and decision-making phases of coalition operations. It then summarizes the current status of emerging tools for identifying cultural differences, with respect to supporting coalition planning activities. The emphasis is on cultural variations in cognition, language, distributed social interaction, as well as their interrelationships. In particular, the paper describes Cultural Network Analysis for extracting and representing culturally shared, complex mental representations that drive decisions; tools for the assessment of commander’s intent across coalition boundaries; and methods for investigating social interactions and language in multicultural distributed collaboration settings.
Sieck W R; Klein G; Peluso D A; Smith J L; Harris-Thompson D
FOCUS: A Model of Sensemaking Technical Report
Klein Associates no. ADA469770, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cta, reasoning
@techreport{sieck_focus_2007,
title = {FOCUS: A Model of Sensemaking},
author = {W. R. Sieck and G. Klein and D. A. Peluso and J. L. Smith and D. Harris-Thompson},
url = {https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA469770.pdf},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-04-01},
number = {ADA469770},
institution = {Klein Associates},
abstract = {Sensemaking is a relatively new concept that has largely been associated with Weick (1995) and his work in organizational behavior. Sensemaking refers to the set of processes involved in trying to improve ones understanding of a situation, often in response to surprise. The primary purpose of the current project was to unpack and develop the concept of sensemaking, principally by developing and testing a cognitive model of the processes involved. The resulting DataFrame model posits a highly interactive relationship between data inputs and mental representations or frames for interpreting data. The DataFrame model also proposes six key sensemaking activities for handling frames in light of anomalous data: Elaborating, Questioning, Comparing, Preserving, Reframing, and Seeking. A secondary aim was to provide recommendations for training and other applications of the model that would be of direct benefit to the warfighter. To that end, several specific links to applied issues in domains such as information operations, intelligence analysis and combat systems design for UAV control have been developed and pursued. At this juncture, the concept of sensemaking and the DataFrame model appear to be supported by the data, and also quite useful for military applications.},
keywords = {cta, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Sensemaking is a relatively new concept that has largely been associated with Weick (1995) and his work in organizational behavior. Sensemaking refers to the set of processes involved in trying to improve ones understanding of a situation, often in response to surprise. The primary purpose of the current project was to unpack and develop the concept of sensemaking, principally by developing and testing a cognitive model of the processes involved. The resulting DataFrame model posits a highly interactive relationship between data inputs and mental representations or frames for interpreting data. The DataFrame model also proposes six key sensemaking activities for handling frames in light of anomalous data: Elaborating, Questioning, Comparing, Preserving, Reframing, and Seeking. A secondary aim was to provide recommendations for training and other applications of the model that would be of direct benefit to the warfighter. To that end, several specific links to applied issues in domains such as information operations, intelligence analysis and combat systems design for UAV control have been developed and pursued. At this juncture, the concept of sensemaking and the DataFrame model appear to be supported by the data, and also quite useful for military applications.
Veinott E; Klein G; Smith J L; Sieck W R; Klein H A
Indirect messaging and its application within multicultural influence operations Technical Report
Klein Associates Division of ARA no. 05-D-7137, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: decision making, technology
@techreport{veinott_indirect_2007,
title = {Indirect messaging and its application within multicultural influence operations},
author = {Elizabeth Veinott and Gary Klein and Jennifer L. Smith and Winston R. Sieck and Helen A. Klein},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-02-01},
urldate = {2007-02-01},
number = {05-D-7137},
institution = {Klein Associates Division of ARA},
abstract = {The primary problem we addressed was whether it is possible to influence the judgments, decisions, attitudes, and behaviors of people without their awareness. The first problem was identifying techniques that are potentially effective in persuading people without awareness. A second problem was whether the techniques we identified through a literature review could apply to non-Western cultures. Most research on different mechanisms of persuasion have been conducted with Western subjects, usually American college students. Yet in many cases we wish to influence people from other cultures. A third problem was the nature of the communication medium. Channels for sending messages are in flux; the channels that were used a decade ago are giving way to different technologies. Furthermore, technology use may depend on culture. How will communication channel moderate the effectiveness of indirect messages?},
keywords = {decision making, technology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The primary problem we addressed was whether it is possible to influence the judgments, decisions, attitudes, and behaviors of people without their awareness. The first problem was identifying techniques that are potentially effective in persuading people without awareness. A second problem was whether the techniques we identified through a literature review could apply to non-Western cultures. Most research on different mechanisms of persuasion have been conducted with Western subjects, usually American college students. Yet in many cases we wish to influence people from other cultures. A third problem was the nature of the communication medium. Channels for sending messages are in flux; the channels that were used a decade ago are giving way to different technologies. Furthermore, technology use may depend on culture. How will communication channel moderate the effectiveness of indirect messages?
Sieck W R; Klein G
Decision Making Book Section
In: Durso, Francis T.; Nickerson, Raymond S.; Dumais, Susan T.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Perfect, Timothy J. (Ed.): Handbook of Applied Cognition, pp. 195–217, Wiley, 2007, ISBN: 978-0-470-71318-1.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cta, decision making
@incollection{sieck_decision_2007,
title = {Decision Making},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Gary Klein},
editor = {Francis T. Durso and Raymond S. Nickerson and Susan T. Dumais and Stephan Lewandowsky and Timothy J. Perfect},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713181.ch8
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-AppCog07-decision-making.pdf, Full Text},
isbn = {978-0-470-71318-1},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
urldate = {2007-01-01},
booktitle = {Handbook of Applied Cognition},
pages = {195–217},
publisher = {Wiley},
abstract = {The purpose of this chapter is to describe in broad terms two of the fields of decision research that have been devoted to tackling applied problems. Our emphasis is on psychological aspects of applied decision-making, although we recognize that decision research is highly interdisciplinary and we hope that researchers from any number of backgrounds will be able to gain some insights from our review. The chapter describes two perspectives on decision research that rarely intersect: the rational choice perspective, and the naturalistic decision-making perspective. These two perspectives are often contrasted at the ideological level, resulting in discussion that quickly degenerates into polemics. In the current chapter, we attempt to re-engage discussion at the methodological level. Specifically, we compare kernel Decision Analysis (DA) and Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) methodologies employed in the service of each perspective, respectively. The surprising conclusion is that these methods are intended to achieve distinct goals that are more complementary than competing.
Sieck, W. R., & Klein, G. (2007). Decision Making. In F. T. Durso, R. S. Nickerson, S. T. Dumais, S. Lewandowsky, & T. J. Perfect (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Cognition (pp. 195–217). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713181.ch8},
keywords = {cta, decision making},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
The purpose of this chapter is to describe in broad terms two of the fields of decision research that have been devoted to tackling applied problems. Our emphasis is on psychological aspects of applied decision-making, although we recognize that decision research is highly interdisciplinary and we hope that researchers from any number of backgrounds will be able to gain some insights from our review. The chapter describes two perspectives on decision research that rarely intersect: the rational choice perspective, and the naturalistic decision-making perspective. These two perspectives are often contrasted at the ideological level, resulting in discussion that quickly degenerates into polemics. In the current chapter, we attempt to re-engage discussion at the methodological level. Specifically, we compare kernel Decision Analysis (DA) and Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) methodologies employed in the service of each perspective, respectively. The surprising conclusion is that these methods are intended to achieve distinct goals that are more complementary than competing.
Sieck, W. R., & Klein, G. (2007). Decision Making. In F. T. Durso, R. S. Nickerson, S. T. Dumais, S. Lewandowsky, & T. J. Perfect (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Cognition (pp. 195–217). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713181.ch8
Sieck, W. R., & Klein, G. (2007). Decision Making. In F. T. Durso, R. S. Nickerson, S. T. Dumais, S. Lewandowsky, & T. J. Perfect (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Cognition (pp. 195–217). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713181.ch8
Sieck W R; Rasmussen L J
Cultural Network Analysis Technical Report
Klein Associates Division of ARA no. 06TA4-P11-T1, 2006.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: culture & cognition, decision making
@techreport{sieck_cultural_2006,
title = {Cultural Network Analysis},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Louise J. Rasmussen},
url = {https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-networkscience10-cultural-network-analysis.pdf},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-12-01},
number = {06TA4-P11-T1},
institution = {Klein Associates Division of ARA},
abstract = {Technical report on a method for modeling distributions of beliefs and values within cultural groups. See the chapter (linked) for further details on the approach.},
keywords = {culture & cognition, decision making},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Technical report on a method for modeling distributions of beliefs and values within cultural groups. See the chapter (linked) for further details on the approach.
Sieck W R; McHugh A P; Smith J L
Use of cognitive field research methods to investigate cultural groups: The case of individual decision making in Middle Eastern crowds Proceedings Article
In: Sun, R.; Miyake, N. (Ed.): Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 2164–2168, 2006.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cta, culture & cognition
@inproceedings{sieck_use_2006,
title = {Use of cognitive field research methods to investigate cultural groups: The case of individual decision making in Middle Eastern crowds},
author = {Winston R Sieck and Anna P McHugh and Jennifer L Smith},
editor = {R. Sun and N. Miyake},
url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0vx9s07v},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-08-01},
urldate = {2006-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},
pages = {2164–2168},
abstract = {How does individual judgment and decision making mediate the behavior of crowds in the Middle East? Questions such as this cannot be answered by standard experimental psychological methods, and classic ethnographic approaches are limited as well. This paper discusses the applicability of the Critical Decision Method for investigating the decision making of non-western cultural groups in naturalistic settings. The results provide an existence proof that the method can be feasibly extended for studying cognition in non-western cultures.},
keywords = {cta, culture & cognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
How does individual judgment and decision making mediate the behavior of crowds in the Middle East? Questions such as this cannot be answered by standard experimental psychological methods, and classic ethnographic approaches are limited as well. This paper discusses the applicability of the Critical Decision Method for investigating the decision making of non-western cultural groups in naturalistic settings. The results provide an existence proof that the method can be feasibly extended for studying cognition in non-western cultures.
Sieck W R; Smith J L; McHugh A P
Team competencies in multinational collaboration Technical Report
Klein Associates no. 05TA2-SP1-RT1, 2005.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, competencies, cultural differences, measuring
@techreport{sieck_team_2005,
title = {Team competencies in multinational collaboration},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Jennifer L. Smith and Anna P. McHugh},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384572426},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-09-01},
urldate = {2005-09-01},
number = {05TA2-SP1-RT1},
institution = {Klein Associates},
abstract = {The current studies examined cultural differences in schemata associated with the competencies required for effective team functioning. A new instrument for measuring actual and desired teamwork practices was constructed. Participants (n = 163) completed a web-based survey designed to elicit prescriptive values and descriptions of typical practice of team competencies, using both an abstract instrument and vignettes that provided situational context. Overall, the results indicated that notions of competent team behavior rooted in Western scholarship are valued across a diverse set of countries, with respect to the typical practice in those countries. However, the competencies tended to be valued more in the U.S. than in three non-Western countries, as compared with respective practices. Surprisingly, these differences held even for team-focused competencies that would appear to run counter to Western independence and individualism, such as putting team goals before personal goals. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.},
keywords = {collaboration, competencies, cultural differences, measuring},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The current studies examined cultural differences in schemata associated with the competencies required for effective team functioning. A new instrument for measuring actual and desired teamwork practices was constructed. Participants (n = 163) completed a web-based survey designed to elicit prescriptive values and descriptions of typical practice of team competencies, using both an abstract instrument and vignettes that provided situational context. Overall, the results indicated that notions of competent team behavior rooted in Western scholarship are valued across a diverse set of countries, with respect to the typical practice in those countries. However, the competencies tended to be valued more in the U.S. than in three non-Western countries, as compared with respective practices. Surprisingly, these differences held even for team-focused competencies that would appear to run counter to Western independence and individualism, such as putting team goals before personal goals. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Harris-Thompson D; Smith J L; Shafer J; Sieck W R
Law enforcement across cultures: How culture impacts the use of non-lethal weapons Technical Report
Klein Associates no. FA8650-04-M-6517, 2005.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: cta, culture & cognition
@techreport{harris-thompson_law_2005,
title = {Law enforcement across cultures: How culture impacts the use of non-lethal weapons},
author = {D. Harris-Thompson and Jennifer L. Smith and Jennifer Shafer and Winston R. Sieck},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-02-01},
number = {FA8650-04-M-6517},
institution = {Klein Associates},
abstract = {Crowd control involves predicting, assessing, and reacting to crowd behaviors. This is made more difficult when crowds are of different cultures from the crowd control personnel (warfighters). In this project we attempted to understand how culture affects how crowds perceive non-lethal weapons and how to enhance warfighters’ ability to assess and manage crowds. We used Cognitive Task Analysis to interview military and law enforcement officers about crowd assessment, crowd control, and cultural differences between U.S. and Mideastern crowds. We also analyzed archival data and observed nonlethal weapons training. We gathered crowd control information relevant to assessments and control tactics. We also collected critical cues for crowd threat level and choosing courses of action. Culture-related information gathered included general information about Mideasterners, differences and similarities between Mideastern and U.S. cultures, and how cultural differences impact control tactics. We found that the effects of culture are largely neglected in crowd control and training. We used our findings to determine gaps in current training and create a Decision-Making Exercise to demonstrate concepts we believe are vital for warfighters in crowd control situations.},
keywords = {cta, culture & cognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Crowd control involves predicting, assessing, and reacting to crowd behaviors. This is made more difficult when crowds are of different cultures from the crowd control personnel (warfighters). In this project we attempted to understand how culture affects how crowds perceive non-lethal weapons and how to enhance warfighters’ ability to assess and manage crowds. We used Cognitive Task Analysis to interview military and law enforcement officers about crowd assessment, crowd control, and cultural differences between U.S. and Mideastern crowds. We also analyzed archival data and observed nonlethal weapons training. We gathered crowd control information relevant to assessments and control tactics. We also collected critical cues for crowd threat level and choosing courses of action. Culture-related information gathered included general information about Mideasterners, differences and similarities between Mideastern and U.S. cultures, and how cultural differences impact control tactics. We found that the effects of culture are largely neglected in crowd control and training. We used our findings to determine gaps in current training and create a Decision-Making Exercise to demonstrate concepts we believe are vital for warfighters in crowd control situations.
Sieck W R; Arkes H R
The recalcitrance of overconfidence and its contribution to decision aid neglect Journal Article
In: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 29–53, 2005, ISSN: 1099-0771.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: decision making, judgment, overconfidence, technology
@article{sieck_recalcitrance_2005,
title = {The recalcitrance of overconfidence and its contribution to decision aid neglect},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Hal R. Arkes},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.486
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-jbdm05-decision-aids-overconfidence.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1002/bdm.486},
issn = {1099-0771},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
urldate = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral Decision Making},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {29–53},
abstract = {Three experiments tested the hypothesis that people's overconfidence in the quality of their intuitive judgment strategies contributes to their reluctance to use helpful actuarial judgment aids. Participants engaged in a judgment task that required them to use five cues to decide whether a prospective juror favored physician-assisted suicide. Participants had the opportunity to examine the judgments of a statistical equation that correctly classified 77% of the prospective jurors. In all experiments, participants infrequently examined the equation, performed worse than the equation, and were highly overconfident. In Experiments 1 and 2, outcome feedback and calibration feedback failed to reduce overconfidence. In Experiment 3, enhanced calibration feedback reduced overconfidence and increased reliance on the equation, thus leading to improved judgment performance.
Sieck, W. R., & Arkes, H. R. (2005). The recalcitrance of overconfidence and its contribution to decision aid neglect. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 18(1), 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.486},
keywords = {decision making, judgment, overconfidence, technology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Three experiments tested the hypothesis that people's overconfidence in the quality of their intuitive judgment strategies contributes to their reluctance to use helpful actuarial judgment aids. Participants engaged in a judgment task that required them to use five cues to decide whether a prospective juror favored physician-assisted suicide. Participants had the opportunity to examine the judgments of a statistical equation that correctly classified 77% of the prospective jurors. In all experiments, participants infrequently examined the equation, performed worse than the equation, and were highly overconfident. In Experiments 1 and 2, outcome feedback and calibration feedback failed to reduce overconfidence. In Experiment 3, enhanced calibration feedback reduced overconfidence and increased reliance on the equation, thus leading to improved judgment performance.
Sieck, W. R., & Arkes, H. R. (2005). The recalcitrance of overconfidence and its contribution to decision aid neglect. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 18(1), 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.486
Sieck, W. R., & Arkes, H. R. (2005). The recalcitrance of overconfidence and its contribution to decision aid neglect. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 18(1), 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.486
Sieck W R; Stevens L M; Shafer J L
Understanding Target Audiences: Individual and System Change Processes Technical Report
Klein Associates no. 79258DBS26, 2004.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: decision making, measuring
@techreport{sieck_understanding_2004,
title = {Understanding Target Audiences: Individual and System Change Processes},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Lisa M. Stevens and Jennifer L. Shafer},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-12-01},
urldate = {2004-12-01},
number = {79258DBS26},
institution = {Klein Associates},
abstract = {This report documents research conducted to support the development of tools to measure and predict the effectiveness of influence operations. Two primary activities were completed. First, archival incident data were analyzed to shed light on the influence operations process as it occurs in the field, and to determine points in the process that are most susceptible to failures. Second, a literature review was conducted, focusing on cognitive characteristics of target audiences that make them more or less inclined to change their decisions, attitudes, or beliefs. The review covered three domains, including attitude change from the social psychology literature, conceptual change from the educational literature, and diffusion of innovations from the marketing literature.},
keywords = {decision making, measuring},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
This report documents research conducted to support the development of tools to measure and predict the effectiveness of influence operations. Two primary activities were completed. First, archival incident data were analyzed to shed light on the influence operations process as it occurs in the field, and to determine points in the process that are most susceptible to failures. Second, a literature review was conducted, focusing on cognitive characteristics of target audiences that make them more or less inclined to change their decisions, attitudes, or beliefs. The review covered three domains, including attitude change from the social psychology literature, conceptual change from the educational literature, and diffusion of innovations from the marketing literature.
Sieck W R; McHugh A P; Klein G; Klinger D
Uncertainty management for teams: The strategy of developing shared understanding in the face of uncertainty Technical Report
Klein Associates no. N00014-04-M-0148, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: collaboration, cta, reasoning
@techreport{sieck_uncertainty_2004,
title = {Uncertainty management for teams: The strategy of developing shared understanding in the face of uncertainty},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Anna P. McHugh and Gary Klein and David Klinger},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384572592},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-11-01},
urldate = {2004-11-01},
number = {N00014-04-M-0148},
institution = {Klein Associates},
abstract = {The long-term vision of the effort was to provide the Navy with a collaborative tool that supports the development of shared understanding within distributed, asynchronous, and multicultural intelligence analyst teams. To build effective tools that support development of shared understanding in teams, we first need to understand and model the natural process used for developing shared understanding. In this Phase I study, we collected incidents involving team uncertainty management from a variety of domains using Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) interviews and naturalistic observations. Using incident accounts as our core data, we developed and conducted initial tests of a cognitive process- based model that describes how teams construct a shared understanding in the face of uncertainty. Based on the cognitive model and implied requirements, we generated specific collaborative tool and metrics concepts to support and assess shared understanding development in teams. Specifically, we proposed a collaborative tool that allows team members to visually map out their mental models as arguments, and then share and review the argument maps with their teammates. We proposed metrics that use comparison of individuals' arguments maps as a way to gauge shared understanding. Finally, we discussed Phase II research directions aimed at further validating the model and tool concepts.},
keywords = {collaboration, cta, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The long-term vision of the effort was to provide the Navy with a collaborative tool that supports the development of shared understanding within distributed, asynchronous, and multicultural intelligence analyst teams. To build effective tools that support development of shared understanding in teams, we first need to understand and model the natural process used for developing shared understanding. In this Phase I study, we collected incidents involving team uncertainty management from a variety of domains using Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) interviews and naturalistic observations. Using incident accounts as our core data, we developed and conducted initial tests of a cognitive process- based model that describes how teams construct a shared understanding in the face of uncertainty. Based on the cognitive model and implied requirements, we generated specific collaborative tool and metrics concepts to support and assess shared understanding development in teams. Specifically, we proposed a collaborative tool that allows team members to visually map out their mental models as arguments, and then share and review the argument maps with their teammates. We proposed metrics that use comparison of individuals' arguments maps as a way to gauge shared understanding. Finally, we discussed Phase II research directions aimed at further validating the model and tool concepts.
Sieck W R; Peluso D A; Smith J; Harris-Thompson D
Basic questioning strategies for making sense of a surprise: The roles of training, experience, and expertise Proceedings Article
In: Forbus, K. D.; Gentner, D.; Regier, T. (Ed.): Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Routledge, 2004, ISBN: 978-0-8058-5464-0.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: reasoning
@inproceedings{sieck_basic_2004,
title = {Basic questioning strategies for making sense of a surprise: The roles of training, experience, and expertise},
author = {Winston R Sieck and Deborah A Peluso and Jennifer Smith and Danyele Harris-Thompson},
editor = {K. D. Forbus and D. Gentner and T. Regier},
url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4s45r1w2},
isbn = {978-0-8058-5464-0},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society},
volume = {26},
publisher = {Routledge},
abstract = {Participants (n= 60) were either laypeople (L) with no military background, novices (N) who were trained in IO, or individuals who had training and IO field experience (F). Of the latter group, 4 were identified as IO—experts “(E) via peer nomination. Participants were presented with a 1-page scenario describing a real situation that had occurred in Kosovo, and that was obtained earlier from an IO expert by CTA elicitation. The synopsis was that buses with armed escorts were used to transport Serb college students to school from their family‘s enclaves. The regional commander made plans to reduce the escort due to costs. An IO campaign was conducted to convince the students that the buses would still be safe. However, once the escort was reduced, the vast majority of students quit riding the bus. This was quite a surprise to US personnel on the scene. The reason as eventually discovered was that, unlike in the US, the Serb mothers made the ride/no ride decision for the students. This reason was not disclosed to participants. Instead, they were asked to explain their understanding of the situation in a think-aloud procedure, as well as what they would want to know to inform their understanding.},
keywords = {reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Participants (n= 60) were either laypeople (L) with no military background, novices (N) who were trained in IO, or individuals who had training and IO field experience (F). Of the latter group, 4 were identified as IO—experts “(E) via peer nomination. Participants were presented with a 1-page scenario describing a real situation that had occurred in Kosovo, and that was obtained earlier from an IO expert by CTA elicitation. The synopsis was that buses with armed escorts were used to transport Serb college students to school from their family‘s enclaves. The regional commander made plans to reduce the escort due to costs. An IO campaign was conducted to convince the students that the buses would still be safe. However, once the escort was reduced, the vast majority of students quit riding the bus. This was quite a surprise to US personnel on the scene. The reason as eventually discovered was that, unlike in the US, the Serb mothers made the ride/no ride decision for the students. This reason was not disclosed to participants. Instead, they were asked to explain their understanding of the situation in a think-aloud procedure, as well as what they would want to know to inform their understanding.
Phillips J K; Klein G; Sieck W R
Expertise in Judgment and Decision Making: A Case for Training Intuitive Decision Skills Book Section
In: Koehler, D. J.; Harvey, N. (Ed.): Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making, pp. 297–315, Wiley, 2004, ISBN: 978-0-470-75293-7.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: decision making, learning
@incollection{phillips_expertise_2004,
title = {Expertise in Judgment and Decision Making: A Case for Training Intuitive Decision Skills},
author = {Jennifer K. Phillips and Gary Klein and Winston R. Sieck},
editor = {D. J. Koehler and N. Harvey},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470752937.ch15
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/phillips_JDM04_training-decision-skills.pdf, Full Text},
isbn = {978-0-470-75293-7},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
urldate = {2004-01-01},
booktitle = {Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making},
pages = {297–315},
publisher = {Wiley},
abstract = {Research on expertise is largely founded on the idea that experts have achieved a rare proficiency in a domain that most of their peers never quite reach. What is the nature of such expertise? How does someone become an expert? How do experts differ from novices? These are questions that have intrigued the vast majority of expertise researchers. Research on expertise within the judgment and decision making (JDM) community has been primarily concerned with quite a different set of issues. What role should experts play in forecasting and decision support systems? Do experts suffer from the same judgmental biases that have been demonstrated in undergraduates? How can experts know so much and predict so badly? There may be value in addressing some of these questions. Nevertheless, the stress in this chapter is on the former set of issues as they apply to decision making, with the goal of convincing the reader that such questions deserve a dramatically greater role in JDM research on expertise than they ordinarily receive. First, however, we address the skeptical view of expertise implied in some of the JDM questions above.
Phillips, J. K., Klein, G., & Sieck, W. R. (2004). Expertise in Judgment and Decision Making: A Case for Training Intuitive Decision Skills. In D. J. Koehler & N. Harvey (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (pp. 297–315). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470752937.ch15},
keywords = {decision making, learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Research on expertise is largely founded on the idea that experts have achieved a rare proficiency in a domain that most of their peers never quite reach. What is the nature of such expertise? How does someone become an expert? How do experts differ from novices? These are questions that have intrigued the vast majority of expertise researchers. Research on expertise within the judgment and decision making (JDM) community has been primarily concerned with quite a different set of issues. What role should experts play in forecasting and decision support systems? Do experts suffer from the same judgmental biases that have been demonstrated in undergraduates? How can experts know so much and predict so badly? There may be value in addressing some of these questions. Nevertheless, the stress in this chapter is on the former set of issues as they apply to decision making, with the goal of convincing the reader that such questions deserve a dramatically greater role in JDM research on expertise than they ordinarily receive. First, however, we address the skeptical view of expertise implied in some of the JDM questions above.
Phillips, J. K., Klein, G., & Sieck, W. R. (2004). Expertise in Judgment and Decision Making: A Case for Training Intuitive Decision Skills. In D. J. Koehler & N. Harvey (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (pp. 297–315). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470752937.ch15
Phillips, J. K., Klein, G., & Sieck, W. R. (2004). Expertise in Judgment and Decision Making: A Case for Training Intuitive Decision Skills. In D. J. Koehler & N. Harvey (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (pp. 297–315). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470752937.ch15
Jones M; Sieck W R
Learning myopia: An adaptive recency effect in category learning Journal Article
In: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 626–640, 2003, ISSN: 1939-1285.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: learning, modeling
@article{jones_learning_2003,
title = {Learning myopia: An adaptive recency effect in category learning},
author = {Matt Jones and Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.4.626
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/jones-jeplmc03-adaptive-recency-learning.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.29.4.626},
issn = {1939-1285},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-07-01},
urldate = {2003-07-01},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {626–640},
abstract = {Recency effects (REs) have been well established in memory and probability learning paradigms but have received little attention in category learning research. Extant categorization models predict REs to be unaffected by learning, whereas a functional interpretation of REs, suggested by results in other domains, predicts that people are able to learn sequential dependencies and incorporate this information into their responses. These contrasting predictions were tested in 2 experiments involving a classification task in which outcome sequences were autocorrelated. Experiment 1 showed that reliance on recent outcomes adapts to the structure of the task, in contrast to models' predictions. Experiment 2 provided constraints on how sequential information is learned and suggested possible extensions to current models to account for this learning.
Jones, M., & Sieck, W. R. (2003). Learning myopia: An adaptive recency effect in category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(4), 626–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.4.626},
keywords = {learning, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Recency effects (REs) have been well established in memory and probability learning paradigms but have received little attention in category learning research. Extant categorization models predict REs to be unaffected by learning, whereas a functional interpretation of REs, suggested by results in other domains, predicts that people are able to learn sequential dependencies and incorporate this information into their responses. These contrasting predictions were tested in 2 experiments involving a classification task in which outcome sequences were autocorrelated. Experiment 1 showed that reliance on recent outcomes adapts to the structure of the task, in contrast to models' predictions. Experiment 2 provided constraints on how sequential information is learned and suggested possible extensions to current models to account for this learning.
Jones, M., & Sieck, W. R. (2003). Learning myopia: An adaptive recency effect in category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(4), 626–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.4.626
Jones, M., & Sieck, W. R. (2003). Learning myopia: An adaptive recency effect in category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(4), 626–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.4.626
Sieck W R
Effects of choice and relative frequency elicitation on overconfidence: Further tests of an exemplar‐retrieval model Journal Article
In: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 127–145, 2003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: judgment, learning, modeling, overconfidence
@article{sieck_effects_2003,
title = {Effects of choice and relative frequency elicitation on overconfidence: Further tests of an exemplar‐retrieval model},
author = {Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.438
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-jbdm03-choice-retrieval-overconfidence.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1002/bdm.438},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-02-01},
urldate = {2003-02-01},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral Decision Making},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {127–145},
abstract = {An experiment is reported in which participants rendered judgments regarding the disease states of hypothetical patients. Participants either reported likelihoods that patients had the target disease (no choice), or classified patients into disease categories and then reported likelihoods that their classifications were correct (choice included). Also, participants' likelihood judgments were made in response to either a probability probe question, or a relative frequency probe. Two distinct exemplar-memory models were compared on their ability to predict overconfidence under these procedures. Both propose that people learn and judge by storing and retrieving examples. The exemplar retrieval model (ERM) proposes that amount of retrieval drives choice inclusion and likelihood probe effects. The alternative model assumes that response error mediates choice inclusion effects. Choice inclusion and the relative frequency probe reduced overconfidence, but the combined effects were subadditive. Only the ERM predicted this pattern, and it further provided good quantitative fits to these results.
Sieck, W. R. (2003). Effects of choice and relative frequency elicitation on overconfidence: Further tests of an exemplar‐retrieval model. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 16(2), 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.438},
keywords = {judgment, learning, modeling, overconfidence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
An experiment is reported in which participants rendered judgments regarding the disease states of hypothetical patients. Participants either reported likelihoods that patients had the target disease (no choice), or classified patients into disease categories and then reported likelihoods that their classifications were correct (choice included). Also, participants' likelihood judgments were made in response to either a probability probe question, or a relative frequency probe. Two distinct exemplar-memory models were compared on their ability to predict overconfidence under these procedures. Both propose that people learn and judge by storing and retrieving examples. The exemplar retrieval model (ERM) proposes that amount of retrieval drives choice inclusion and likelihood probe effects. The alternative model assumes that response error mediates choice inclusion effects. Choice inclusion and the relative frequency probe reduced overconfidence, but the combined effects were subadditive. Only the ERM predicted this pattern, and it further provided good quantitative fits to these results.
Sieck, W. R. (2003). Effects of choice and relative frequency elicitation on overconfidence: Further tests of an exemplar‐retrieval model. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 16(2), 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.438
Sieck, W. R. (2003). Effects of choice and relative frequency elicitation on overconfidence: Further tests of an exemplar‐retrieval model. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 16(2), 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.438
Stone E R; Sieck W R; Bull B E; Yates J F; Parks S C; Rush C J
Foreground:background salience: Explaining the effects of graphical displays on risk avoidance Journal Article
In: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 19–36, 2003, ISSN: 0749-5978.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: decision making, judgment
@article{stone_foregroundbackground_2003,
title = {Foreground:background salience: Explaining the effects of graphical displays on risk avoidance},
author = {Eric R. Stone and Winston R. Sieck and Benita E. Bull and J. Frank Yates and Stephanie C. Parks and Carolyn J. Rush},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-5978(03)00003-7
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/stone-obhdp03-graphs-risk-salience.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1016/S0749-5978(03)00003-7},
issn = {0749-5978},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
urldate = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
volume = {90},
number = {1},
pages = {19–36},
abstract = {The purpose of this research was to determine the mechanisms underlying the graphical effect identified by Stone, Yates, and Parker (1997), in which graphical formats for conveying risk information are more effective than numerical formats for increasing risk-avoidant behavior. Two experiments tested whether this graphical effect occurred because the graphical formats used by Stone et al. highlighted the number of people harmed by the focal hazard, causing the decisions to be based mainly on the number of people harmed (which we label the “foreground”) at the expense of the total number of people at risk of harm (which we call the “background”). Specifically, two graphical formats were developed that displayed pictorially both the number of people harmed and the total number at risk, and use of these display formats eliminated the graphical effect. We thus propose that the previously discussed graphical effect was in fact a manifestation of a more general foreground:background salience effect, whereby displays that highlight the number of people harmed at the expense of the total number of people at risk of harm lead to greater risk avoidance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Stone, E. R., Sieck, W. R., Bull, B. E., Yates, J. F., Parks, S. C., & Rush, C. J. (2003). Foreground:background salience: Explaining the effects of graphical displays on risk avoidance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(03)00003-7},
keywords = {decision making, judgment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The purpose of this research was to determine the mechanisms underlying the graphical effect identified by Stone, Yates, and Parker (1997), in which graphical formats for conveying risk information are more effective than numerical formats for increasing risk-avoidant behavior. Two experiments tested whether this graphical effect occurred because the graphical formats used by Stone et al. highlighted the number of people harmed by the focal hazard, causing the decisions to be based mainly on the number of people harmed (which we label the “foreground”) at the expense of the total number of people at risk of harm (which we call the “background”). Specifically, two graphical formats were developed that displayed pictorially both the number of people harmed and the total number at risk, and use of these display formats eliminated the graphical effect. We thus propose that the previously discussed graphical effect was in fact a manifestation of a more general foreground:background salience effect, whereby displays that highlight the number of people harmed at the expense of the total number of people at risk of harm lead to greater risk avoidance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Stone, E. R., Sieck, W. R., Bull, B. E., Yates, J. F., Parks, S. C., & Rush, C. J. (2003). Foreground:background salience: Explaining the effects of graphical displays on risk avoidance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(03)00003-7
Stone, E. R., Sieck, W. R., Bull, B. E., Yates, J. F., Parks, S. C., & Rush, C. J. (2003). Foreground:background salience: Explaining the effects of graphical displays on risk avoidance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(03)00003-7
Jones M; Sieck W R
Recency Effects in Category Learning are Dynamic and Adaptive Proceedings Article
In: Gray, W. D.; Schunn, C. D. (Ed.): Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 1010, Routledge, 2002, ISBN: 978-0-8058-4581-5.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: learning, modeling
@inproceedings{jones_recency_2002,
title = {Recency Effects in Category Learning are Dynamic and Adaptive},
author = {Matt Jones and Winston R Sieck},
editor = {W. D. Gray and C. D. Schunn},
url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5dz3h9kg},
isbn = {978-0-8058-4581-5},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society},
volume = {24},
pages = {1010},
publisher = {Routledge},
keywords = {learning, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Sieck W R; Yates J F
Retrieval effects on confidence in general knowledge Proceedings Article
In: Gray, W. D.; Schunn, C. D. (Ed.): Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 1040, Routledge, 2002, ISBN: 978-0-8058-4581-5.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: confidence, memory, reasoning
@inproceedings{sieck_retrieval_2002,
title = {Retrieval effects on confidence in general knowledge},
author = {Winston R Sieck and J Frank Yates},
editor = {W. D. Gray and C. D. Schunn},
url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4876v295},
isbn = {978-0-8058-4581-5},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},
pages = {1040},
publisher = {Routledge},
abstract = {A typical assumption underlying many models of confidence in general world knowledge is that assessments of arguments that favor or oppose chosen answers will primarily, if not exclusively, determine confidence in choice. This chapter examines the hypothesis that confidence depends in part on successful retrieval of topical information that is not directly relevant towards arriving at a choice. Mean confidence, proportion correct, and overconfidence were virtually equivalent across conditions. Accuracy discrimination was larger for recall than the other two conditions. The correlation between confidence level and choice accuracy was larger for recall than the other conditions. Writing all possible reasons for and against alternatives had no impact on choice or confidence. Writing all facts that could be recalled about the topic of each question resulted in confidence judgments that better discriminated between correct and incorrect answers, as compared with control and reasons conditions.},
keywords = {confidence, memory, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A typical assumption underlying many models of confidence in general world knowledge is that assessments of arguments that favor or oppose chosen answers will primarily, if not exclusively, determine confidence in choice. This chapter examines the hypothesis that confidence depends in part on successful retrieval of topical information that is not directly relevant towards arriving at a choice. Mean confidence, proportion correct, and overconfidence were virtually equivalent across conditions. Accuracy discrimination was larger for recall than the other two conditions. The correlation between confidence level and choice accuracy was larger for recall than the other conditions. Writing all possible reasons for and against alternatives had no impact on choice or confidence. Writing all facts that could be recalled about the topic of each question resulted in confidence judgments that better discriminated between correct and incorrect answers, as compared with control and reasons conditions.
Yates J F; Lee J; Sieck W R; Choi I; Price P C
Probability judgment across cultures Book Section
In: Gilovich, Thomas; Griffin, Dale; Kahneman, Daniel (Ed.): Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, pp. 271–291, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, ISBN: 978-0-521-79260-8.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cultural differences, judgment
@incollection{yates_probability_2002,
title = {Probability judgment across cultures},
author = {J. Frank Yates and Ju-Whei Lee and Winston R. Sieck and Incheol Choi and Paul C. Price},
editor = {Thomas Gilovich and Dale Griffin and Daniel Kahneman},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511808098.017},
isbn = {978-0-521-79260-8},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-07-01},
urldate = {2002-07-01},
booktitle = {Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment},
pages = {271–291},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
abstract = {Why are people's intuitions about Asian-Western differences in overconfidence so far off the mark? This chapter summarizes what has been learned about these issues. The sections of this chapter are organized according to the following questions: (1) Are indications of greater Asian overconfidence mere artifacts of research procedure? (2) Do the previously observed cross-cultural variations generalize, to other cultures, other target events besides the correctness of answers to categorical general-knowledge questions, and aspects of accuracy other than overconfidence? (3) What explains the variations that exist? and (4) What do these variations imply for our understanding of fundamental principles of judgment and decision making and for practical affairs in arenas such as intercultural collaborations and commerce?
Yates, J. F., Lee, J.-W., Sieck, W. R., Choi, I., & Price, P. C. (2002). Probability judgment across cultures. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (pp. 271–291). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511808098.017},
keywords = {cultural differences, judgment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Why are people's intuitions about Asian-Western differences in overconfidence so far off the mark? This chapter summarizes what has been learned about these issues. The sections of this chapter are organized according to the following questions: (1) Are indications of greater Asian overconfidence mere artifacts of research procedure? (2) Do the previously observed cross-cultural variations generalize, to other cultures, other target events besides the correctness of answers to categorical general-knowledge questions, and aspects of accuracy other than overconfidence? (3) What explains the variations that exist? and (4) What do these variations imply for our understanding of fundamental principles of judgment and decision making and for practical affairs in arenas such as intercultural collaborations and commerce?
Yates, J. F., Lee, J.-W., Sieck, W. R., Choi, I., & Price, P. C. (2002). Probability judgment across cultures. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (pp. 271–291). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511808098.017
Yates, J. F., Lee, J.-W., Sieck, W. R., Choi, I., & Price, P. C. (2002). Probability judgment across cultures. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (pp. 271–291). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511808098.017
Sieck W R; Yates J F
Overconfidence effects in category learning: A comparison of connectionist and exemplar memory models Journal Article
In: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1003–1021, 2001, ISSN: 1939-1285.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: judgment, learning, modeling, overconfidence
@article{sieck_overconfidence_2001,
title = {Overconfidence effects in category learning: A comparison of connectionist and exemplar memory models},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and J. Frank Yates},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.4.1003
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-jeplmc01-overconfidence-learning-memory.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.27.4.1003},
issn = {1939-1285},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
urldate = {2001-07-01},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},
volume = {27},
number = {4},
pages = {1003–1021},
abstract = {Exemplar and connectionist models were compared on their ability to predict overconfidence effects in category learning data. In the standard task, participants learned to classify hypothetical patients with particular symptom patterns into disease categories and reported confidence judgments in the form of probabilities. The connectionist model asserts that classifications and confidence are based on the strength of learned associations between symptoms and diseases. The exemplar retrieval model (ERM) proposes that people learn by storing examples and that their judgments are often based on the first example they happen to retrieve. Experiments 1 and 2 established that overconfidence increases when the classification step of the process is bypassed. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that a direct instruction to retrieve many exemplars reduces overconfidence. Only the ERM predicted the major qualitative phenomena exhibited in these experiments.
Sieck, W. R., & Yates, J. F. (2001). Overconfidence effects in category learning: A comparison of connectionist and exemplar memory models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(4), 1003–1021. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.4.1003},
keywords = {judgment, learning, modeling, overconfidence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Exemplar and connectionist models were compared on their ability to predict overconfidence effects in category learning data. In the standard task, participants learned to classify hypothetical patients with particular symptom patterns into disease categories and reported confidence judgments in the form of probabilities. The connectionist model asserts that classifications and confidence are based on the strength of learned associations between symptoms and diseases. The exemplar retrieval model (ERM) proposes that people learn by storing examples and that their judgments are often based on the first example they happen to retrieve. Experiments 1 and 2 established that overconfidence increases when the classification step of the process is bypassed. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that a direct instruction to retrieve many exemplars reduces overconfidence. Only the ERM predicted the major qualitative phenomena exhibited in these experiments.
Sieck, W. R., & Yates, J. F. (2001). Overconfidence effects in category learning: A comparison of connectionist and exemplar memory models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(4), 1003–1021. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.4.1003
Sieck, W. R., & Yates, J. F. (2001). Overconfidence effects in category learning: A comparison of connectionist and exemplar memory models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(4), 1003–1021. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.4.1003
Sieck W R; Quinn C N; Schooler J W
Justification effects on the judgment of analogy Journal Article
In: Memory & Cognition, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 844–855, 1999, ISSN: 1532-5946.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: judgment, reasoning
@article{sieck_justification_1999,
title = {Justification effects on the judgment of analogy},
author = {Winston R. Sieck and Clark N. Quinn and Jonathan W. Schooler},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198537
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2FBF03198537.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.3758/BF03198537},
issn = {1532-5946},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-09-01},
urldate = {1999-09-01},
journal = {Memory & Cognition},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {844–855},
abstract = {Many of us share a strong intuition that justification forces us to better understand the situations we face. And there is substantial evidence indicating that this is often the case. However, there is a growing body of research showing that, under certain circumstances, explanation and justification can impair performance on a variety of cognitive tasks. In the present research, the effects of justification on judgment of the soundness of analogies were examined. Subjects judged the quality of the match between pairs of stories with varying degrees of superficial and analogical similarity. Experimental subjects either provided reasons for their judgments or wrote recollections of the target stimuli. These subjects rated the match between stimulus pairs as more sound than did control subjects. Also, providing reasons led to poorer discrimination between superficially similar aspects of the stimuli and analogous aspects. Explanations of these findings are proposed, and implications for problem solving and confidence judgment are discussed.
Sieck, W. R., Quinn, C. N., & Schooler, J. W. (1999). Justification effects on the judgment of analogy. Memory & Cognition, 27(5), 844–855. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198537},
keywords = {judgment, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Many of us share a strong intuition that justification forces us to better understand the situations we face. And there is substantial evidence indicating that this is often the case. However, there is a growing body of research showing that, under certain circumstances, explanation and justification can impair performance on a variety of cognitive tasks. In the present research, the effects of justification on judgment of the soundness of analogies were examined. Subjects judged the quality of the match between pairs of stories with varying degrees of superficial and analogical similarity. Experimental subjects either provided reasons for their judgments or wrote recollections of the target stimuli. These subjects rated the match between stimulus pairs as more sound than did control subjects. Also, providing reasons led to poorer discrimination between superficially similar aspects of the stimuli and analogous aspects. Explanations of these findings are proposed, and implications for problem solving and confidence judgment are discussed.
Sieck, W. R., Quinn, C. N., & Schooler, J. W. (1999). Justification effects on the judgment of analogy. Memory & Cognition, 27(5), 844–855. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198537
Sieck, W. R., Quinn, C. N., & Schooler, J. W. (1999). Justification effects on the judgment of analogy. Memory & Cognition, 27(5), 844–855. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198537
Yates J F; Lee J; Shinotsuka H; Patalano A L; Sieck W R
Cross-Cultural Variations in Probability Judgment Accuracy: Beyond General Knowledge Overconfidence? Journal Article
In: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 89–117, 1998, ISSN: 0749-5978.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cultural differences, judgment, overconfidence
@article{yates_cross-cultural_1998,
title = {Cross-Cultural Variations in Probability Judgment Accuracy: Beyond General Knowledge Overconfidence?},
author = {J. Frank Yates and Ju-Whei Lee and Hiromi Shinotsuka and Andrea L Patalano and Winston R Sieck},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2771
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/yates-obhdp98-cross-cultural-overconfidence.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1006/obhd.1998.2771},
issn = {0749-5978},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-05-01},
urldate = {1998-05-01},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
volume = {74},
number = {2},
pages = {89–117},
abstract = {Previous studies have revealed surprising and persistent cross-cultural variations in overconfidence, whereby respondents in some Asian cultures (e.g., Chinese) exhibit markedly higher degrees of overconfidence than respondents in other cultures (e.g., in the United States and Japan). Most of those demonstrations have entailed general knowledge tasks (e.g., answering questions such as whether Europe is larger than Australia). The present studies sought to determine whether such cross-cultural variations extend to judgments about the kinds of events that bear upon more common practical decisions and to aspects of accuracy other than overconfidence. Subjects in Taiwan, Japan, and the United States made probabilistic differential diagnoses of fictional diseases in a stochastic artificial ecology. Results revealed that previously observed cross-cultural variations do indeed generalize. The data were also informative about several potential accounts for such variations, e.g., arguing against a proposal that they rest on different emphases on discrimination rather than calibration, but consistent with the influences of culture-specific cognitive customs, including responsiveness to explicitly displayed information, regardless of its presumed validity.
Yates, J. F., Lee, J.-W., Shinotsuka, H., Patalano, A. L., & Sieck, W. R. (1998). Cross-Cultural Variations in Probability Judgment Accuracy: Beyond General Knowledge Overconfidence? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(2), 89–117. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2771},
keywords = {cultural differences, judgment, overconfidence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Previous studies have revealed surprising and persistent cross-cultural variations in overconfidence, whereby respondents in some Asian cultures (e.g., Chinese) exhibit markedly higher degrees of overconfidence than respondents in other cultures (e.g., in the United States and Japan). Most of those demonstrations have entailed general knowledge tasks (e.g., answering questions such as whether Europe is larger than Australia). The present studies sought to determine whether such cross-cultural variations extend to judgments about the kinds of events that bear upon more common practical decisions and to aspects of accuracy other than overconfidence. Subjects in Taiwan, Japan, and the United States made probabilistic differential diagnoses of fictional diseases in a stochastic artificial ecology. Results revealed that previously observed cross-cultural variations do indeed generalize. The data were also informative about several potential accounts for such variations, e.g., arguing against a proposal that they rest on different emphases on discrimination rather than calibration, but consistent with the influences of culture-specific cognitive customs, including responsiveness to explicitly displayed information, regardless of its presumed validity.
Yates, J. F., Lee, J.-W., Shinotsuka, H., Patalano, A. L., & Sieck, W. R. (1998). Cross-Cultural Variations in Probability Judgment Accuracy: Beyond General Knowledge Overconfidence? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(2), 89–117. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2771
Yates, J. F., Lee, J.-W., Shinotsuka, H., Patalano, A. L., & Sieck, W. R. (1998). Cross-Cultural Variations in Probability Judgment Accuracy: Beyond General Knowledge Overconfidence? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(2), 89–117. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2771
Sieck W; Yates J F
Exposition Effects on Decision Making: Choice and Confidence in Choice Journal Article
In: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 207–219, 1997, ISSN: 0749-5978.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: confidence, decision making, reasoning
@article{sieck_exposition_1997,
title = {Exposition Effects on Decision Making: Choice and Confidence in Choice},
author = {Winston Sieck and J. Frank Yates},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2706
https://www.globalcognition.org/articles/sieck-obhdp97-exposition-decision-making.pdf, Full Text},
doi = {10.1006/obhd.1997.2706},
issn = {0749-5978},
year = {1997},
date = {1997-06-01},
urldate = {1997-06-01},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
volume = {70},
number = {3},
pages = {207–219},
abstract = {Many of us believe that, after writing about a subject, we understand it more deeply. Studies in education indicate that writing does indeed enhance comprehension. Three experiments examined whether similar “exposition effects” exist for decision making. In these experiments, subjects were confronted with standard framing problems. Positive exposition effects would require that the influence of alternative frames on subjects' choices be diminished by exposition demands. Control subjects made choices under customary, non-exposition instructions. Others chose after writing rationales for their selections (exposition), after explicitly planning to write such rationales, or merely in anticipation of writing the rationales. Exposition reduced framing effects in each of the experiments. The magnitudes of the effects were greatest for subjects who wrote before choosing. Also, exposition markedly increased subjects' confidence that their choices were appropriate. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Sieck, W., & Yates, J. F. (1997). Exposition Effects on Decision Making: Choice and Confidence in Choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70(3), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2706},
keywords = {confidence, decision making, reasoning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Many of us believe that, after writing about a subject, we understand it more deeply. Studies in education indicate that writing does indeed enhance comprehension. Three experiments examined whether similar “exposition effects” exist for decision making. In these experiments, subjects were confronted with standard framing problems. Positive exposition effects would require that the influence of alternative frames on subjects' choices be diminished by exposition demands. Control subjects made choices under customary, non-exposition instructions. Others chose after writing rationales for their selections (exposition), after explicitly planning to write such rationales, or merely in anticipation of writing the rationales. Exposition reduced framing effects in each of the experiments. The magnitudes of the effects were greatest for subjects who wrote before choosing. Also, exposition markedly increased subjects' confidence that their choices were appropriate. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Sieck, W., & Yates, J. F. (1997). Exposition Effects on Decision Making: Choice and Confidence in Choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70(3), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2706
Sieck, W., & Yates, J. F. (1997). Exposition Effects on Decision Making: Choice and Confidence in Choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70(3), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2706
Ammerman R T; Hersen M; Hasselt V B V; Lubetsky M J; Sieck W R
Maltreatment in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities: Prevalence and Correlates Journal Article
In: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 567–576, 1994, ISSN: 0890-8567, 1527-5418, (Publisher: Elsevier).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{ammerman_maltreatment_1994,
title = {Maltreatment in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities: Prevalence and Correlates},
author = {Robert T. Ammerman and Michel Hersen and Vincent B. Van Hasselt and Martin J. Lubetsky and Winston R. Sieck},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199405000-00015
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15193155},
doi = {10.1097/00004583-199405000-00015},
issn = {0890-8567, 1527-5418},
year = {1994},
date = {1994-05-01},
urldate = {1994-05-01},
journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry},
volume = {33},
number = {4},
pages = {567–576},
abstract = {The goals of this study were (1) to determine the prevalence of child maltreatment in hospitalized children and adolescents with developmental disabilities and concomitant psychiatric disorders, and (2) to identify the contribution of specific mother and child characteristics to the use of more severe disciplinary practices by mothers. Findings revealed that 61% of children had experienced some form of severe maltreatment by a care provider in their lifetime. Regression analysis indicated that interactions between high levels of social functioning and disruptive, oppositional behaviors and younger age in children, and low levels of social support and increased anger reactivity in mothers, were most predictive of mothers' use of severe disciplinary practices.
Ammerman, R. T., Hersen, M., Hasselt, V. B. V., Lubetsky, M. J., & Sieck, W. R. (1994). Maltreatment in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities: Prevalence and Correlates. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(4), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199405000-00015},
note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The goals of this study were (1) to determine the prevalence of child maltreatment in hospitalized children and adolescents with developmental disabilities and concomitant psychiatric disorders, and (2) to identify the contribution of specific mother and child characteristics to the use of more severe disciplinary practices by mothers. Findings revealed that 61% of children had experienced some form of severe maltreatment by a care provider in their lifetime. Regression analysis indicated that interactions between high levels of social functioning and disruptive, oppositional behaviors and younger age in children, and low levels of social support and increased anger reactivity in mothers, were most predictive of mothers' use of severe disciplinary practices.
Ammerman, R. T., Hersen, M., Hasselt, V. B. V., Lubetsky, M. J., & Sieck, W. R. (1994). Maltreatment in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities: Prevalence and Correlates. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(4), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199405000-00015
Ammerman, R. T., Hersen, M., Hasselt, V. B. V., Lubetsky, M. J., & Sieck, W. R. (1994). Maltreatment in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities: Prevalence and Correlates. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(4), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199405000-00015